Connecticut Plumbing Licensing Law

Connecticut Code · 26 sections

The following is the full text of Connecticut’s plumbing licensing law statutes as published in the Connecticut Code. For the official version, see the Connecticut Legislature.

Conn. Gen. Stat. § 10-220.

Sec. 10-220. Duties of boards of education. (a) Each local or regional board of education shall maintain good public elementary and secondary schools, implement the educational interests of the state, as defined in section 10-4a, and provide such other educational activities as in its judgment will best serve the interests of the school district; provided any board of education may secure such opportunities in another school district in accordance with provisions of the general statutes and shall give all the children of the school district, including children receiving alternative education, as defined in section 10-74j, as nearly equal advantages as may be practicable; shall provide an appropriate learning environment for all its students which includes (1) adequate instructional books, supplies, materials, equipment, staffing, facilities and technology, (2) equitable allocation of resources among its schools, (3) proper maintenance of facilities, and (4) a safe school setting; shall, in accordance with the provisions of subsection (f) of this section, maintain records of allegations, investigations and reports that a child has been abused or neglected by a school employee, as defined in section 53a-65, employed by the local or regional board of education; shall have charge of the schools of its respective school district; shall make a continuing study of the need for school facilities and of a long-term school building program and from time to time make recommendations based on such study to the town; shall adopt and implement an indoor air quality program that provides for ongoing maintenance and facility reviews necessary for the maintenance and improvement of the indoor air quality of its facilities; shall adopt and implement a green cleaning program, pursuant to section 10-231g, that provides for the procurement and use of environmentally preferable cleaning products in school buildings and facilities; on and after July 1, 2021, and every five years thereafter, shall report to the Commissioner of Administrative Services on the condition of its facilities and the action taken to implement its long-term school building program, indoor air quality program and green cleaning program, which report the Commissioner of Administrative Services shall use to prepare a report every five years that said commissioner shall submit in accordance with section 11-4a to the joint standing committee of the General Assembly having cognizance of matters relating to education; shall advise the Commissioner of Administrative Services of the relationship between any individual school building project pursuant to chapter 173 and such long-term school building program; shall have the care, maintenance and operation of buildings, lands, apparatus and other property used for school purposes and at all times shall insure all such buildings and all capital equipment contained therein against loss in an amount not less than eighty per cent of replacement cost; shall determine the number, age and qualifications of the pupils to be admitted into each school; shall develop and implement a written increasing educator diversity plan for purposes of subdivision (3) of section 10-4a; shall employ and dismiss the teachers of the schools of such district subject to the provisions of sections 10-151 and 10-158a; shall designate the schools which shall be attended by the various children within the school district; shall make such provisions as will enable each child of school age residing in the district to attend some public day school for the period required by law and provide for the transportation of children wherever transportation is reasonable and desirable, and for such purpose may make contracts covering periods of not more than (A) five years, or (B) ten years if such contract includes transportation provided by at least one zero-emission school bus, as defined in 42 USC 16091(a)(8), as amended from time to time; may provide alternative education, in accordance with the provisions of section 10-74j, or place in another suitable educational program a pupil enrolling in school who is nineteen years of age or older and cannot acquire a sufficient number of credits for graduation by age twenty-one; may arrange with the board of education of an adjacent town for the instruction therein of such children as can attend school in such adjacent town more conveniently; shall cause each child five years of age and over and under eighteen years of age who is not a high school graduate and is living in the school district to attend school in accordance with the provisions of section 10-184; shall not delegate the authority to schedule interscholastic football games on Thanksgiving Day to any nonprofit organization or other entity that is otherwise responsible for governing interscholastic athletics in this state and shall not adopt a policy or prohibition against the scheduling of an interscholastic football game on Thanksgiving Day; and shall perform all acts required of it by the town or necessary to carry into effect the powers and duties imposed by law.

(b) The board of education of each local or regional school district shall, with the participation of parents, students, school administrators, teachers, citizens, local elected officials and any other individuals or groups such board shall deem appropriate, prepare a statement of educational goals for such local or regional school district. The statement of goals shall be consistent with state-wide goals pursuant to subsection (c) of section 10-4 and include goals for the integration of principles and practices of social-emotional learning and restorative practices in the program of professional development for the school district, in accordance with the provisions of section 10-148a, and career placement for students who do not pursue an advanced degree immediately after graduation. Each local or regional board of education shall annually establish student objectives for the school year which relate directly to the statement of educational goals prepared pursuant to this subsection and which identify specific expectations for students in terms of skills, knowledge and competence.

(c) Annually, each local and regional board of education shall submit to the Commissioner of Education a strategic school profile report for each school and school or program of alternative education, as defined in section 10-74j, under its jurisdiction and for the school district as a whole. The superintendent of each local and regional school district shall present the profile report at the next regularly scheduled public meeting of the board of education after each November first. The profile report shall provide information on measures of (1) student needs, including, but not limited to, a needs assessment that identifies resources necessary to address student trauma impacting students and staff in each school and adequately respond to students with mental, emotional or behavioral health needs, (2) school resources, including technological resources and utilization of such resources and infrastructure, (3) student and school performance, including in-school suspensions, out-of-school suspensions and expulsions, the number of truants, as defined in section 10-198a, and chronically absent children, as defined in section 10-198c, (4) the number of students enrolled in an adult high school credit diploma program, pursuant to section 10-69, operated by a local or regional board of education or a regional educational service center, (5) equitable allocation of resources among its schools, (6) reduction of racial, ethnic and economic isolation, (7) special education, (8) school-based arrests, as defined in section 10-233n, and (9) teacher attrition rates, including the results of the exit survey described in section 10-151j. For purposes of this subsection, measures of special education include (A) special education identification rates by disability, (B) rates at which special education students are exempted from mastery testing pursuant to section 10-14q, (C) expenditures for special education, including such expenditures as a percentage of total expenditures, (D) achievement data for special education students, (E) rates at which students identified as requiring special education are no longer identified as requiring special education, (F) the availability of supplemental educational services for students lacking basic educational skills, (G) the amount of special education student instructional time with nondisabled peers, (H) the number of students placed out-of-district, and (I) the actions taken by the school district to improve special education programs, as indicated by analyses of the local data provided in subparagraphs (A) to (H), inclusive, of this subdivision. The superintendent shall include in the narrative portion of the report information about parental involvement and any measures the district has taken to improve parental involvement, including, but not limited to, employment of methods to engage parents in the planning and improvement of school programs and methods to increase support to parents working at home with their children on learning activities. For purposes of this subsection, measures of truancy include the type of data that is required to be collected by the Department of Education regarding attendance and unexcused absences in order for the department to comply with federal reporting requirements and the actions taken by the local or regional board of education to reduce truancy in the school district. Such truancy data shall be considered a public record, as defined in section 1-200.

(d) (1) As used in this subsection:

(A) “Certified testing, adjusting and balancing technician” means a technician certified to perform testing, adjusting and balancing of heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems by the Associated Air Balance Council, the National Environmental Balancing Bureau or the Testing, Adjusting and Balancing Bureau, or an individual training under the supervision of a Testing, Adjusting and Balancing Bureau certified technician or a person certified to perform ventilation assessments of heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems through a certification body accredited by the American National Standards Institute;

(B) “Heating, ventilation and air conditioning system” means the equipment, distribution network, controls and terminals that provide, either collectively or individually, heating, ventilation or air conditioning to a building; and

(C) “Indoor air quality” has the same meaning as used by the United States Department of Labor Occupational Safety and Health Administration Standard Number 1910.1000 “OSHA Policy on Indoor Air Quality”.

(2) On and after January 1, 2024, and annually thereafter, a local or regional board of education shall provide for a uniform inspection and evaluation program of the indoor air quality within each school building using the Environmental Protection Agency's Indoor Air Quality Tools for Schools Program. The inspection and evaluation program shall include, but not be limited to, a review, inspection or evaluation of the following: (A) The heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems; (B) radon levels in the air; (C) potential for exposure to microbiological airborne particles, including, but not limited to, fungi, mold and bacteria; (D) chemical compounds of concern to indoor air quality including, but not limited to, volatile organic compounds; (E) the degree of pest infestation, including, but not limited to, insects and rodents; (F) the degree of pesticide usage; (G) the presence of and the plans for removal of any hazardous substances that are contained on the list prepared pursuant to Section 302 of the federal Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act, 42 USC 9601 et seq.; (H) ventilation systems; (I) plumbing, including water distribution systems, drainage systems and fixtures; (J) moisture incursion; (K) the overall cleanliness of the facilities; (L) building structural elements, including, but not limited to, roofing, basements or slabs; (M) the use of space, particularly areas that were designed to be unoccupied; and (N) the provision of indoor air quality maintenance training for building staff. Local and regional boards of education conducting evaluations pursuant to this subsection shall (i) make available for public inspection the results of the inspection and evaluation at a regularly scheduled board of education meeting and on the Internet web site of such board and on the Internet web site, if any, of each individual school, and (ii) submit the report and results of such inspection and evaluation to the Department of Administrative Services using the form developed pursuant to section 10-231h.

(3) (A) For the period commencing July 1, 2026, and ending and including June 30, 2031, each local or regional board of education shall provide for a uniform inspection and evaluation of the heating, ventilation and air conditioning system within each school building under its jurisdiction. During such period, the board shall provide such inspection for at least twenty per cent of the schools under its jurisdiction in each year until each such school has been inspected. Each such school shall be so inspected every five years thereafter. The Department of Administrative Services may, upon request of a local or regional board of education, grant a waiver of the provisions of this subparagraph if the department finds that (i) there is an insufficient number of certified testing, adjusting and balancing technicians, industrial hygienists certified by the American Board of Industrial Hygiene or the Board for Global EHS Credentialing, or mechanical engineers to perform such inspection and evaluation, or (ii) such board has scheduled such inspection and evaluation for a date in the subsequent year. Such waiver shall be valid for a period not to exceed one year.

(B) Such inspection and evaluation shall be performed by a certified testing, adjusting and balancing technician, an industrial hygienist certified by the American Board of Industrial Hygiene or the Board for Global EHS Credentialing, or a mechanical engineer. Such heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems inspection and evaluation shall include, but need not be limited to: (i) Testing for maximum filter efficiency, (ii) physical measurements of outside air delivery rate, (iii) verification of the appropriate condition and operation of ventilation components, (iv) measurement of air distribution through all system inlets and outlets, (v) verification of unit operation and that required maintenance has been performed in accordance with the most recent indoor ventilation standards promulgated by the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, (vi) verification of control sequences, (vii) verification of carbon dioxide sensors and acceptable carbon dioxide concentrations indoors, and (viii) collection of field data for the installation of mechanical ventilation if none exist. The ventilation systems inspection and evaluation shall identify to what extent each school's current ventilation system components, including any existing central or noncentral mechanical ventilation system, are operating in such a manner as to provide appropriate ventilation to the school building in accordance with most recent indoor ventilation standards promulgated by the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers. The inspection and evaluation shall result in a written report, and such report shall include any corrective actions necessary to be performed to the mechanical ventilation system or the heating, ventilation and air conditioning infrastructure, including installation of filters meeting the most optimal level of filtration available for a given heating, ventilation and air conditioning system, installation of carbon dioxide sensors and additional maintenance, repairs, upgrades or replacement. Any such corrective actions shall be performed, where appropriate, by a contractor, who is licensed in accordance with chapter 393. Any local or regional board of education conducting an inspection and evaluations pursuant to this subsection shall (I) make available for public inspection the results of such inspection and evaluation at a regularly scheduled meeting of such board and on the Internet web site of such board and on the Internet web site, if any, of each individual school, and (II) submit the report and results of such inspection and evaluation to the Department of Administrative Services using the form developed pursuant to section 10-231h. A local or regional board of education shall not be required to provide for a uniform inspection and evaluation under this subdivision for any school building that will cease to be used as a school building within the three years from when such inspection and evaluation is to be performed. Any local or regional board of education that has provided for an inspection that was performed in a different format, but is deemed equivalent by the department, may use such inspection in lieu of a uniform inspection and evaluation under this subdivision.

(e) Each local and regional board of education shall establish a school district curriculum committee. The committee shall recommend, develop, review and approve all curriculum for the local or regional school district. Each local and regional board of education shall make available all curriculum approved by the committee and all associated curriculum materials in accordance with the requirements of the Protection of Pupil Rights Amendment, 20 USC 1232h.

(f) Each local and regional board of education shall maintain in a central location all records of allegations, investigations and reports that a child has been abused or neglected by a school employee, as defined in section 53a-65, employed by the local or regional board of education, conducted pursuant to sections 17a-101a to 17a-101d, inclusive, and section 17a-103. Such records shall include any reports made to the Department of Children and Families. The Department of Education shall have access to such records.

(g) Each local or regional board of education conducting a regular or special meeting of such board shall make available for public inspection the agenda for the meeting or any associated documents that may be reviewed by members of the board at such meeting and post such agenda and documents on the Internet web site of such board.

(h) For the school year commencing July 1, 2024, and each school year thereafter, any local or regional board of education with a rate of in-school suspensions, out-of-school suspensions and expulsions that is deemed high or disproportionate by the Commissioner of Education based on the examination of data pursuant to section 10-233n, shall (1) develop strategies to reduce the number of such suspensions and expulsions, and (2) submit such strategies to the Department of Education in the form and manner prescribed by the commissioner.

(1949 Rev., S. 1501; 1949, 1953, 1955, S. 957d; February, 1965, P.A. 574, S. 11; 1969, P.A. 690, S. 4; P.A. 78-218, S. 143; P.A. 79-128, S. 11, 36; P.A. 80-166, S. 1; P.A. 84-460, S. 3, 16; P.A. 85-377, S. 5, 13; P.A. 86-333, S. 11, 32; P.A. 90-324, S. 4, 13; P.A. 93-353, S. 28, 31, 52; P.A. 94-245, S. 9, 46; P.A. 95-182, S. 6, 11; P.A. 96-26, S. 2, 4; 96-244, S. 17, 63; 96-270, S. 1, 11; P.A. 97-290, S. 21, 29; P.A. 98-168, S. 8, 26; 98-243, S. 19, 25; 98-252, S. 13, 38, 80; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 98-1, S. 115, 121; P.A. 00-157, S. 3, 8; P.A. 01-173, S. 19, 67; P.A. 03-220, S. 1, 2; P.A. 04-26, S. 4; P.A. 06-158, S. 5; 06-167, S. 1; P.A. 08-153, S. 6; P A. 09-81, S. 2; 09-143, S. 1; 09-220, S. 6; Sept. Sp. Sess. P.A. 09-6, S. 54; P.A. 10-71, S. 4; P.A. 11-85, S. 6; 11-93, S. 6; 11-136, S. 10, 17; P.A. 12-120, S. 4; P.A. 13-247, S. 200; P.A. 15-133, S. 3, 4; 15-168, S. 3; 15-225, S. 4; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 17-2, S. 84; P.A. 18-34, S. 7; P.A. 19-58, S. 2; P.A. 21-46, S. 13; 21-95, S. 11; P.A. 22-25, S. 12; 22-47, S. 20; 22-118, S. 369; P.A. 23-159, S. 7; 23-160, S. 3, 6; 23-167, S. 9, 44, 76; P.A. 24-74, S. 7; 24-151, S. 131.)

History: 1965 act substituted Sec. 10-158a for repealed Sec. 10-158; 1969 act added requirement that boards of education “implement the educational interests of the state as defined in section 10-4a”; P.A. 78-218 substituted “school district” for “town” throughout, specified applicability of provisions to local and regional, rather than town, boards and required attendance of children “seven years of age and over and under sixteen” rather than “between the ages of seven and sixteen”; P.A. 79-128 added Subsec. (b) re statement of goals by local and regional boards; P.A. 80-166 amended Subsec. (b) to require first attestation that programs are based on state goals “on September 1, 1982” rather than “in 1981”; P.A. 84-460 amended Subsec. (a) requiring that boards insure all buildings and all capital equipment against loss in an amount not less than 80% of replacement cost; P.A. 85-377 substituted commissioner of education for state board; P.A. 86-333 amended Subsec. (b) to extend from July 1, 1986, to July 1, 1987, the date when boards of education are to begin reviewing and updating the statement of goals; P.A. 90-324 added Subsec. (c) re strategic school profile reports; P.A. 93-353 provisions requiring local or regional board to submit the statement of goals to the state board of education, state board to review the statement and approve the statement as it pertains to the state-wide goals, local or regional board to review and if necessary update the statement of goals every five years and submit such statement to the state board and state board to review and approve the statement as it pertains to the state-wide goals, and removed obsolete language and added Subsec. (d) concerning a report to the state board of education on educational goals and student objectives and the development of a comprehensive professional development plan, effective July 1, 1993; P.A. 94-245 amended Subsec. (c)(1) to change the dates from May first to November first, effective June 2, 1994; P.A. 95-182 amended Subsec. (a) to remove a requirement that local and regional boards of education attest to the Commissioner of Education that program offerings and instruction are based on educational goals and student objectives and deleted Subsec. (d) re reports concerning the statement of educational goals and student objectives and the development and implementation of professional development plans, effective June 28, 1995; P.A. 96-26 amended Subsec. (a) to authorize placement of certain older pupils in alternative school programs or other suitable educational programs, effective July 1, 1996; P.A. 96-244 amended Subsec. (c) to delete obsolete language of Subdiv. (2), deleted Subdiv. (1) designation and replaced Subparas. with Subdivs., effective July 1, 1996; P.A. 96-270 amended Subsec. (a) to add the requirement to advise the Commissioner of Education of the relationship between any individual school building project and the long-term school building program, effective July 1, 1996; P.A. 97-290 amended Subsec. (a) to add provisions re an appropriate learning environment, report on the condition of facilities and action taken to implement the long-term building program and the annual report by the commissioner to the General Assembly, and added Subsec. (c)(4) and (5) re equitable allocation of resources and re reduction of racial, ethnic and economic isolation, effective July 1, 1997; P.A. 98-168 amended Subsec. (c) to add provisions re special education, effective July 1, 1998; P.A. 98-243 amended Subsec. (a) to lower the age requirement for school attendance from 7 to 5, effective July 1, 1998; P.A. 98-252 amended Subsec. (a) to add requirement for a written plan for minority staff recruitment and to make a technical change and amended Subsec. (c) to remove November date for report and in Subdiv. (2) specified technological resources and utilization of such resources and infrastructure, effective July 1, 1998; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 98-1 made a technical change in Subsec. (a), effective July 1, 1998; P.A. 00-157 amended Subsec. (a) to change the reference to the school attendance age from “sixteen years of age” to “eighteen years of age who is not a high school graduate”, effective July 1, 2001; P.A. 01-173 amended Subsec. (a) to make a technical change for the purposes of gender neutrality, effective July 1, 2001; P.A. 03-220 amended Subsec. (a) by adding provisions re maintenance of facilities and indoor air quality and making technical changes and added Subsec. (d) re indoor air quality inspection and evaluation program, effective July 1, 2003; P.A. 04-26 made a technical change in Subsec. (d)(5), effective April 28, 2004; P.A. 06-158 amended Subsec. (a) by changing annual reporting on facility conditions to biennial reporting, effective July 1, 2006; P.A. 06-167 amended Subsec. (c) by adding language re parental involvement, effective July 1, 2006; P.A. 08-153 added Subsec. (e) re establishment of curriculum committee, effective July 1, 2008; P.A. 09-81 amended Subsec. (a) by adding language re green cleaning program and amended Subsec. (d) by adding language requiring inspection results to be posted on the board's or individual school's web site; P.A. 09-143 amended Subsec. (c) by adding language re truancy data, effective July 1, 2009; P.A. 09-220 amended Subsec. (d)(2) by deleting requirement that inspection and evaluation program include evaluation of radon levels in the water; Sept. Sp. Sess. P.A. 09-6 amended Subsec. (c) by adding new Subdiv. (4) re number of students enrolled in adult high school credit diploma program and redesignating existing Subdivs. (4) to (6) as Subdivs. (5) to (7), effective October 5, 2009; P.A. 10-71 made a technical change in Subsec. (a), effective May 18, 2010; P.A. 11-85 amended Subsec. (b) by replacing “develop” with “annually establish” and adding “for the school year” re student objectives and expectations, effective July 1, 2011; P.A. 11-93 inserted provision in Subsec. (a) and added Subsec. (f) re maintenance of records of allegations, investigations and reports of child abuse and neglect by a school employee, effective July 1, 2011; P.A. 11-136 amended Subsec. (a) by replacing references to biennial with references to triennial re report on long-term school building program, indoor air quality program and green cleaning program and amended Subsec. (c) by adding provision re actions taken by board of education to reduce truancy in district, effective July 1, 2011; P.A. 12-120 amended Subsec. (a) by replacing “Commissioner of Education” with “Commissioner of Construction Services” and making a technical change, effective June 15, 2012; pursuant to P.A. 13-247, “Commissioner of Construction Services” was changed editorially by the Revisors to “Commissioner of Administrative Services” in Subsec. (a), effective July 1, 2013; P.A. 15-133 amended Subsec. (a) by adding provisions re alternative education, replacing reference to alternative school program with reference to alternative education and making conforming changes, and amended Subsec. (c) by adding provision re submission of strategic school profile report for each school or program of alternative education, effective July 1, 2015; P.A. 15-168 amended Subsec. (c) by adding “in-school suspensions, out-of-school suspensions and expulsions” in Subdiv. (3), adding Subdiv. (8) re school-based arrests, replacing “for purposes of chapter 14” with “as defined in section 1-200”, and making a technical change, effective July 1, 2015; P.A. 15-225 amended Subsec. (c)(3) by replacing “truancy” with “the number of truants, as defined in section 10-198a, and chronically absent children, as defined in section 10-198c”, effective July 1, 2015; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 17-2 amended Subsec. (a) by replacing references to triennial with references to every 5 years and replacing “2011” with “2021” re report on long-term school building program, indoor air quality program and green cleaning program, effective October 31, 2017; P.A. 18-34 amended Subsec. (a) by replacing “minority staff recruitment” with “minority educator recruitment”, effective July 1, 2018; P.A. 19-58 amended Subsec. (b) to add provision re goals for career placement for students who do not pursue advanced degree immediately after graduation, effective July 1, 2019; P.A. 21-46 amended Subsec. (b) by adding provision re integration of principles and practices of social-emotional learning in program of professional development, effective July 1, 2021; P.A. 21-95 made identical changes as P.A. 21-46 and added “and restorative practices”, effective July 1, 2021; P.A. 22-25 amended Subsec. (a) by adding Subpara. designator (A) re 5 years and adding Subpara. (B) re 10 years if contract includes transportation by at least 1 zero-emission school bus; P.A. 22-47 amended Subsec. (c)(1) by adding provision re needs assessment that identifies resources necessary to address student trauma and adequately respond to students with mental, emotional or behavioral health needs, effective July 1, 2022; P.A. 22-118 amended Subsec. (d) by adding new Subdiv. (1) re definitions of “certified testing, adjusting and balancing technician”, “heating, ventilation and air conditioning system” and “indoor air quality”, designating existing provisions re uniform inspection and evaluation program of indoor air quality as Subdiv. (2) and amended same by redesignating existing Subdivs. (1) to (14) as Subparas. (A) to (N), adding Subdiv. (3) re uniform inspection and evaluation of heating, ventilation and air conditioning system, effective July 1, 2022; P.A. 23-159 amended Subsec. (c) by adding Subdiv. (9) re teacher attrition rates, effective July 1, 2023; P.A. 23-160 amended Subsec. (e) by adding provision re boards to make all approved curriculum and associated curriculum materials available in accordance with the Protection of Pupil Rights Amendment and added Subsec. (g) re boards to make agenda and any associated documents for regular or special meeting of board available on Internet web site, effective July 1, 2023; P.A. 23-167 amended Subsec. (a) by replacing “plan for minority educator recruitment” with “increasing educator diversity plan”, amended Subsec. (d)(2) by replacing “Prior to January 1, 2008, and every three years thereafter, for every school building that is or has been constructed, extended, renovated or replaced on or after January 1, 2003” with “On and after January 1, 2024, and annually thereafter”, replacing “such buildings, such as” with “each school building using” and designating existing provision re make results of inspection and evaluation available for public inspection at board meeting and on board's and school's Internet web site as Subdiv. (2)(i) and adding Subdiv. (2)(ii) re submission of report of inspection and evaluation to Department of Administrative Services using form developed pursuant to Sec. 10-231h, amended Subsec. (d)(3) by replacing “January 1, 2024” with “January 1, 2025”, designating existing provision re make results of inspection and evaluation available for public inspection at board meeting and on board's and school's Internet web site as Subdiv. (2)(i) and adding Subdiv. (2)(ii) re submission of report of inspection and evaluation to Department of Administrative Services using form developed pursuant to Sec. 10-231h and adding provision re use of inspections performed in different format and granting of waivers of uniform inspections and evaluations, effective July 1, 2023, and added Subsec. (g), codified by the Revisors as Subsec. (h), re strategies to reduce the number of suspensions and expulsions for boards of education with rate of suspensions and expulsions deemed high or disproportionate, effective January 1, 2024; P.A. 24-74 amended Subsec. (d)(3) by designating existing provision re boards of education to provide for uniform inspection and evaluation as Subpara. (A) and amending same to replace “Prior to January 1, 2025, and every five years thereafter, a” with “For the period commencing July 1, 2026, and ending and including June 30, 2031, each”, to add provisions re inspection for at least 20 per cent of schools each year and each school to be inspected every 5 years thereafter and to make a conforming change, and designating existing provision re inspections and evaluations as Subpara. (B) and amending same to redesignate existing Subparas. (A) to (H) as clauses (i) to (viii) and existing clauses (i) and (ii) as new subclauses (I) and (II) and making a conforming change, effective July 1, 2024; P.A. 24-151 amended Subsec. (a) by adding provisions re prohibition on delegating authority to schedule interscholastic football games on Thanksgiving Day to any nonprofit organization or entity and prohibition against adopting a policy or prohibition against scheduling an interscholastic football game on Thanksgiving Day, effective July 1, 2024.

See Sec. 10-4b re complaint procedure where failure or inability of board of education to implement educational interests of state is alleged.

Powers conferred and duties imposed by former statute construed. 65 C. 183. Former statute cited. 77 C. 195. Town may defend action brought against committee for official acts under former statute; duties as to moral fitness of teachers. 79 C. 240. Former statute held not to repeal provision in city charter. 82 C. 124. Control of town over committee under former statute. Id., 566. Former “school committee” was agent of law and not of the town. 99 C. 695. Cited. 129 C. 191; 134 C. 616; 143 C. 488. Actions of board, within confines of its powers, not subject to control of city common council or officers; if land devoted to school purposes, held city could not condemn it for a highway without approval of school committee. 147 C. 478. Section must be read with Sec. 10-186 re furnishing of transportation for school children, and it comprehends not only distance but safety factors. 148 C. 238. Number of teaching positions, need of curriculum coordinator and maintenance of school properties were matters within discretion of school board. 151 C. 1. Cited. 152 C. 148–150. Ability of board to perform its statutory duties not destroyed by requirement of town charter that it select nonprofessional employees under civil service requirements. Id., 568. Cited. 153 C. 283; 162 C. 568. Town boards of education, in matters not involving strictly budgetary concerns, act as agents of the state; under powers to “employ and dismiss” teachers, town boards of education can determine contested cases. 167 C. 368. Town, by referendum, could delegate its power of eminent domain to board of education which had authority to exercise it. 168 C. 135. Cited. 170 C. 38; Id., 318; 174 C. 522; 180 C. 96; 182 C. 93; Id., 253; 187 C. 187; 193 C. 93; 195 C. 24; 205 C. 116; 217 C. 110; 228 C. 640; Id., 699; 237 C. 169; 238 C. 1.

Cited. 6 CA 212; 44 CA 179. There is no statutorily mandated exception to residency requirement for displacement due to natural disaster, however board has discretion to interpret this section and Sec. 10-186 in such manner. 138 CA 677.

Elements justifying indemnification of a board member. 9 CS 442. Cited. 15 CS 370. Boards of education may discontinue or unite schools; history of section reviewed. 16 CS 339. Board as agent of the state. 19 CS 158. Boards of education may accord problem of racial imbalance relevance in making decisions. 26 CS 124. Cited. 27 CS 339. Extension of a “project concern” contract made by board of education of Milford with board of New Haven is an administrative decision to be made by board as agency of the state under its authority set out in Secs. 10-220 to 10-239 and board of aldermen was enjoined from holding an advisory referendum of voters as this would be an unlawful expenditure of city funds. 28 CS 207. School boards are agents of the state, not subject to recall under a municipal charter. 29 CS 201. Cited. 30 CS 63. The Connecticut education system violates Art. I, Sec. 20 and Art. VIII, Sec. 1 of the Connecticut Constitution. 31 CS 379. Relationship between boards of education and municipal budget authorities; extent of municipal obligation to finance education. 32 CS 132. Cited. 34 CS 115; 35 CS 55; 36 CS 293. Local board of education is not acting as agent of the state and not entitled to sovereign immunity when acting to recover damages arising from construction of school building. 40 CS 141. Cited. 44 CS 527.

Subsec. (a):

Town charter that allows for separate referenda for town's operating budget and education budget and that allows voters to reject the budgets three times does not rise to the level of a veto and does not violate state statute and policy concerning education. 268 C. 295.

Context of community orientation of family discussed in determining place of residence for purposes of school attendance. 34 CA 567.

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Conn. Gen. Stat. § 20-304

Sec. 20-304a. Automatic fire sprinkler system layout technician's license. Exemption. Regulations. (a) The board or Commissioner of Consumer Protection may issue an automatic fire sprinkler system layout technician's license to any person who has received level III certification from the National Institute for Certification in Engineering Technologies in the field of fire protection engineering technology or a subfield of automatic sprinkler system layout. Any person who is a professional engineer licensed in accordance with the provisions of this chapter shall be exempt from such licensing requirement.

(b) The Commissioner of Consumer Protection shall adopt regulations, in accordance with chapter 54, for the issuance of automatic fire sprinkler system layout technician's licenses and to prescribe the amount of the fees required pursuant to this section. Upon the adoption of such regulations, the fees required for such licenses shall be as prescribed in such regulation.

(P.A. 91-273, S. 2; P.A. 93-361, S. 11, 16, 17; P.A. 98-3, S. 15; June 30 Sp. Sess. P.A. 03-6, S. 146(c); P.A. 04-189, S. 1; P.A. 15-60, S. 4; P.A. 16-185, S. 21.)

History: P.A. 93-361 made existing section Subsec. (a) and added a new Subsec. (b) requiring commissioner to adopt regulations for automatic fire sprinkler system layout technician's licenses and exempted plumbing journeymen, plumbing contractors and journeymen sprinkler fitters from licensing requirements, effective July 1, 1993; P.A. 98-3 made technical changes; June 30 Sp. Sess. P.A. 03-6 replaced Commissioner of Consumer Protection with Commissioner of Agriculture and Consumer Protection, effective July 1, 2004; P.A. 04-189 repealed Sec. 146 of June 30 Sp. Sess. P.A. 03-6, thereby reversing the merger of the Departments of Agriculture and Consumer Protection, effective June 1, 2004; P.A. 15-60 amended Subsec. (a) by deleting licensing exemption for licensed plumbing and piping journeyman, plumbing and piping contractor and journeyman sprinkler fitter and amended Subsec. (b) by making a technical change; P.A. 16-185 amended Subsec. (a) to add reference to Commissioner of Consumer Protection in provision re issuance of license, effective July 1, 2016.

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Conn. Gen. Stat. § 20-330.

Sec. 20-330. Definitions. As used in this chapter:

(1) “Contractor” means any person regularly offering to the general public services of such person or such person's employees in the field of electrical work, plumbing and piping work, solar work, heating, piping, cooling and sheet metal work, fire protection sprinkler systems work, elevator installation, repair and maintenance work, irrigation work, automotive glass work or flat glass work, as defined in this section;

(2) “Electrical work” means the installation, erection, maintenance, inspection, testing, alteration or repair of any wire, cable, conduit, busway, raceway, support, insulator, conductor, appliance, apparatus, fixture or equipment that generates, transforms, transmits or uses electrical energy for light, heat, power or other purposes, but does not include low voltage wiring, not exceeding twenty-four volts, used within a lawn sprinkler system;

(3) “Plumbing and piping work” means the installation, repair, replacement, alteration, maintenance, inspection or testing of gas, water and associated fixtures, tubing and piping mains and branch lines up to and including the closest valve to a machine or equipment used in the manufacturing process, laboratory equipment, sanitary equipment, other than subsurface sewage disposal systems, fire prevention apparatus, all water systems for human usage, sewage treatment facilities and all associated fittings within a building and includes lateral storm and sanitary lines from buildings to the mains, process piping, swimming pools and pumping equipment, and includes making connections to back flow prevention devices, and includes low voltage wiring, not exceeding twenty-four volts, used within a lawn sprinkler system, but does not include (A) solar thermal work performed pursuant to a certificate held as provided in section 20-334g, except for the repair of those portions of a solar hot water heating system that include the basic domestic hot water tank and the tie-in to the potable water system, (B) the installation, repair, replacement, alteration, maintenance, inspection or testing of fire prevention apparatus within a structure, except for standpipes that are not connected to sprinkler systems, (C) medical gas and vacuum systems work, and (D) millwright work. For the purposes of this subdivision, “process piping” means piping or tubing that conveys liquid or gas that is used directly in the production of a chemical or a product for human consumption;

(4) “Solar thermal work” means the installation, erection, repair, replacement, alteration, maintenance, inspection or testing of active, passive and hybrid solar systems that directly convert ambient energy into heat or convey, store or distribute such ambient energy;

(5) “Heating, piping and cooling work” means (A) the installation, repair, replacement, maintenance, inspection, testing or alteration of any apparatus for piping, appliances, devices or accessories for heating systems, including sheet metal work, (B) the installation, repair, replacement, maintenance, inspection, testing or alteration of air conditioning and refrigeration systems, boilers, including apparatus and piping for the generation or conveyance of steam and associated pumping equipment and process piping and the installation of tubing and piping mains and branch lines up to and including the closest valve to a machine or equipment used in the manufacturing process and onsite testing and balancing of hydronic, steam and combustion air, but excluding millwright work, and (C) on-site operation, by manipulating, adjusting or controlling, with sufficient technical knowledge, as determined by the commissioner, (i) heating systems with a steam or water boiler maximum operating pressure of fifteen pounds per square inch gauge or greater, or (ii) air conditioning or refrigeration systems with an aggregate of more than fifty horsepower or kilowatt equivalency of fifty horsepower or of two hundred pounds of refrigerant. Heating, piping and cooling work does not include solar thermal work performed pursuant to a certificate held as provided in section 20-334g, or medical gas and vacuum systems work or the passive monitoring of heating, air conditioning or refrigeration systems. For the purposes of this subdivision, “process piping” means piping or tubing that conveys liquid or gas that is used directly in the production of a chemical or a product for human consumption;

(6) “Apprentice” means any person registered with the Labor Department for the purpose of learning a skilled trade;

(7) “Elevator installation, repair and maintenance work” means the installation, erection, maintenance, inspection, testing and repair of all types of elevators, dumb waiters, escalators, and moving walks and all mechanical equipment, fittings, associated piping and wiring from a source of supply brought to the equipment room by an unlimited electrical contractor for all types of machines used to hoist or convey persons or materials, but does not include temporary hoisting machines used for hoisting materials in connection with any construction job or project, provided “elevator inspection” includes the visual examination of an elevator system or portion of a system, with or without the disassembly or removal of component parts;

(8) “Elevator maintenance” means the lubrication, inspection, testing and replacement of controls, hoist way and car parts;

(9) “Fire protection sprinkler systems work” means the layout, on-site fabrication, installation, alteration, maintenance, inspection, testing or repair of any automatic or manual sprinkler system designed for the protection of the interior or exterior of a building or structure from fire, or any piping or tubing and appurtenances and equipment pertaining to such system including overhead and underground water mains, fire hydrants and hydrant mains, standpipes and hose connections to sprinkler systems, sprinkler tank heaters excluding electrical wiring, air lines and thermal systems used in connection with sprinkler and alarm systems connected thereto, foam extinguishing systems or special hazard systems including water spray, foam, carbon dioxide or dry chemical systems, halon and other liquid or gas fire suppression systems, but does not include (A) any engineering design work connected with the layout of fire protection sprinkler systems, or (B) any work performed by employees of or contractors hired by a public water system, as defined in subsection (a) of section 25-33d;

(10) “State Fire Marshal” means the State Fire Marshal appointed by the Commissioner of Administrative Services;

(11) “Journeyman sprinkler fitter” means a specialized pipe fitter craftsman, experienced and skilled in the installation, alteration, maintenance and repair of fire protection sprinkler systems;

(12) “Irrigation work” means making the connections to and the inspection and testing of back flow prevention devices, and low voltage wiring, not exceeding twenty-four volts, used within a lawn sprinkler system;

(13) “Sheet metal work” means the onsite layout, installation, erection, replacement, repair or alteration, including, but not limited to, onsite testing and balancing of related life safety components, environmental air, heating, ventilating and air conditioning systems by manipulating, adjusting or controlling such systems for optimum balance performance of any duct work system, ferrous, nonferrous or other material for ductwork systems, components, devices, air louvers or accessories, in accordance with the State Building Code;

(14) “Journeyman sheet metal worker” means an experienced craftsman skilled in the installation, erection, replacement, repair or alteration of duct work systems, both ferrous and nonferrous;

(15) “Automotive glass work” means installing, maintaining or repairing fixed glass in motor vehicles;

(16) “Flat glass work” means installing, maintaining or repairing glass in residential or commercial structures;

(17) “Medical gas and vacuum systems work” means the work and practice, materials, instrumentation and fixtures used in the construction, installation, alteration, extension, removal, repair, maintenance, inspection, testing or renovation of gas and vacuum systems and equipment used solely to transport gases for medical purposes and to remove liquids, air-gases or solids from such systems;

(18) “Solar electricity work” means the installation, erection, repair, replacement, alteration, maintenance, inspection and testing of photovoltaic or wind generation equipment used to distribute or store ambient energy for heat, light, power or other purposes to a point immediately inside any structure or adjacent to an end use;

(19) “Active solar system” means a system that uses an external source of energy to power a motor-driven fan or pump to force the circulation of a fluid through solar heat collectors and which removes the sun's heat from the collectors and transports such heat to a location where it may be used or stored;

(20) “Passive solar system” means a system that is capable of collecting or storing the sun's energy as heat without the use of a motor-driven fan or pump;

(21) “Hybrid solar system” means a system that contains components of both an active solar system and a passive solar system;

(22) “Gas hearth product work” means the installation, service, inspection, testing or repair of a propane or natural gas fired fireplace, fireplace insert, stove or log set and associated venting and piping that simulates a flame of a solid fuel fire. “Gas hearth product work” does not include (A) fuel piping work, (B) the servicing of fuel piping, or (C) work associated with pressure regulating devices, except for appliances gas valves;

(23) “Millwright work” means the installation, repair, replacement, maintenance or alteration, including the inspection and testing, of (A) power generation machinery, or (B) industrial machinery, including the related interconnection of piping and tubing used in the manufacturing process, but does not include the performance of any action for which licensure is required under this chapter;

(24) “Inspection” means the examination of a system or portion of a system, involving the disassembly or removal of component parts of the system;

(25) “Testing” means to determine the status of a system as intended for its use, with or without the disassembly of component parts of the system, by the use of testing and measurement instruments;

(26) “Owner” means a person who owns or resides in a residential property and includes any agent thereof, including, but not limited to, a condominium association. An owner of a residential property is not required to reside in such residential property to be deemed an owner under this subdivision;

(27) “Person” means an individual, partnership, limited liability company or corporation; and

(28) “Residential property” means a single family dwelling, a multifamily dwelling consisting of not more than six units, or a unit, common element or limited common element in a condominium, as defined in section 47-68a, or in a common interest community, as defined in section 47-202, or any number of condominium units for which a condominium association acts as an agent for the unit owners.

(February, 1965, P.A. 493, S. 1; 1967, P.A. 789, S. 1; P.A. 74-341, S. 15, 16; P.A. 82-312, S. 3, 4; 82-439, S. 1, 7; 82-472, S. 89, 183; P.A. 83-426, S. 1; P.A. 87-588, S. 2, 8; P.A. 90-194, S. 1; P.A. 98-3, S. 23; P.A. 99-170, S. 1; 99-253, S. 1; P.A. 00-128, S. 1, 3; P.A. 02-27, S. 1; 02-92, S. 1; P.A. 03-83, S. 1, 2; P.A. 05-88, S. 1; 05-211, S. 1; P.A. 06-157, S. 2; P.A. 07-183, S. 1; P.A. 09-153, S. 3; Sept. Sp. Sess. P.A. 09-8, S. 31; P.A. 11-51, S. 93; P.A. 13-247, S. 200; P.A. 17-77, S. 10; P.A. 19-177, S. 9; P.A. 21-37, S. 22.)

History: 1967 act redesignated plumbing work as plumbing and piping work and redefined same, redesignated steamfitting work as heating, piping and cooling work and redefined same, included as contractors persons doing elevator installation and maintenance as well as repair work and expanded former definition for elevator repair-work, added definitions for elevator maintenance and apprentice, rearranged statute to delete definitions for electrician, plumber, steamfitter and elevator repairman and deleted definition for journeyman; P.A. 74-341 redefined “plumbing and piping work” to specifically exclude subsurface sewage disposal systems; P.A. 82-312 included in definition of “plumbing and piping work” repair of portions of solar hot water heating system which include domestic hot water tank and tie-in to potable water system, effective October 1, 1983; P.A. 82-439 added definition for “solar work” and, on and after April 1, 1984, excluded solar work from definitions of “plumbing and piping work” and “heating, piping and cooling work”, effective October 1, 1983; P.A. 82-472 subdivided the section; P.A. 83-426 changed from April 1, 1984, to July 1, 1984, date from which “solar work” excluded from definitions of “plumbing and piping work” and “heating, piping and cooling work”; P.A. 87-588 redefined “contractor” to include persons engaged in the field of fire protection sprinkler systems, redefined “plumbing and piping work” to exclude work on fire prevention apparatus within a structure, except for standpipes which are not connected to sprinkler systems, redefined “apprentice” and added Subdivs. (9), (10) and (11) defining “fire protection sprinkler systems work”, “state fire marshal” and “journeymen sprinkler fitter”, respectively, effective July 1, 1988; P.A. 90-194 defined “irrigation work” and redefined “contractor”, “electrical work” and “plumbing and piping work” to include or exclude irrigation, as the case may be; (Revisor's note: In 1997 the reference in Subdiv. (10) to “state police department” was changed editorially by the Revisors to “Division of State Police”); P.A. 98-3 made technical changes; P.A. 99-170 made technical and gender neutral changes, redefined “contractor” to include automotive glass and flat glass workers, and added new Subdivs. defining “automotive glass work” and “flat glass work”; P.A. 99-253 made gender neutral and technical changes, redefined “contractor” to include sheet metal workers, and added new Subdivs. defining “sheet metal work” and “journeyman sheet metal worker”; P.A. 00-128 redefined “heating, piping and cooling work” in Subdiv. (5) to include sheet metal work and to make technical changes, effective May 26, 2000; P.A. 02-27 redefined “fire protection sprinkler systems work” in Subdiv. (9) to include “maintenance” of any sprinkler system and related equipment; P.A. 02-92 redefined “plumbing and piping work” and “heating, piping and cooling work” in Subdivs. (3) and (5), respectively, to exclude medical gas and vacuum systems work and added Subdiv. (17) defining “medical gas and vacuum systems work”, effective July 1, 2003 (Revisor's note: In Subdiv. (5) the new reference to “... or medical gas and vacuum systems;” was changed editorially by the Revisors to “... or medical gas and vacuum systems work;” for consistency); P.A. 03-83 added “process piping” to the definition of “plumbing and piping work” in Subdiv. (3) and the definition of “heating, piping and cooling work” in Subdiv. (5) and defined the term in both Subdivs.; P.A. 05-88 amended Subdivs. (3) and (5) to include piping or tubing that conveys liquid or gas that is used directly in the production of a chemical in the definition of “process piping”; P.A. 05-211 deleted definition of “solar work” and defined “solar thermal work”, “solar electricity work”, “active solar system”, “passive solar system” and “hybrid solar system”; P.A. 06-157 defined “gas hearth product work”; P.A. 07-183 redefined “heating, piping and cooling work” in Subdiv. (5) to include on-site operation of heating systems with steam or water boiler maximum operating pressure of 15 pounds per square inch gauge or greater, or air conditioning or refrigeration systems with aggregate of more than 50 horsepower or kilowatt equivalency of 50 horsepower or of 200 pounds of refrigerant and to exclude the passive monitoring of heating, air conditioning or refrigeration systems, effective July 1, 2007; P.A. 09-153 redefined “plumbing and piping work” in Subdiv. (3) and “heating, piping and cooling work” in Subdiv. (5) and added Subdiv. (23) defining “millwright work”; Sept. Sp. Sess. P.A. 09-8 amended Subdivs. (3) and (5) by changing “solar work” to “solar thermal work” and adding provisions re such work performed pursuant to certificate held as provided in Sec. 20-334g, effective October 5, 2009; P.A. 11-51 redefined “State Fire Marshal” in Subdiv. (10), effective July 1, 2011; pursuant to P.A. 13-247, “Commissioner of Construction Services” was changed editorially by the Revisors to “Commissioner of Administrative Services” in Subdiv. (10), effective July 1, 2013; P.A. 17-77 redefined “sheet metal work” in Subdiv. (13); P.A. 19-177 amended Subdiv. (2) by redefining “electrical work”, amended Subdiv. (3) by redefining “plumbing and piping work”, amended Subdiv. (4) by redefining “solar thermal work”, amended Subdiv. (5) by redefining “heating, piping and cooling work”, amended Subdiv. (7) by redefining “elevator installation, repair and maintenance work”, amended Subdiv. (8) by redefining “elevator maintenance”, amended Subdiv. (9) by redefining “fire protection sprinkler systems work”, amended Subdiv. (12) by redefining “irrigation work”, amended Subdiv. (17) by redefining “medical gas and vacuum systems work”, amended Subdiv. (18) by redefining “solar electricity work”, amended Subdiv. (22) by redefining “gas hearth product work”, amended Subdiv. (23) by redefining “millwright work”, added Subdiv. (24) defining “inspection”, adding Subdiv. (25) defining “testing”, and made technical changes; P.A. 21-37 amended Subdiv. (8) by making a technical change, added Subdiv. (26) defining “owner”, Subdiv. (27) defining “person” and Subdiv. (28) defining “residential property”, effective June 4, 2021.

See Sec. 20-334a re types of licenses.

See Sec. 29-291 re appointment of State Fire Marshal.

Cited. 209 C. 719.

Cited. 3 CA 707; 12 CA 251; 34 CA 123.

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Conn. Gen. Stat. § 20-331.

Sec. 20-331. Examining boards. (a) There shall be in the Department of Consumer Protection separate examining boards for each of the following occupations: (1) Electrical work; (2) plumbing and piping work; (3) heating, piping, cooling and sheet metal work; (4) elevator installation, repair and maintenance work; (5) fire protection sprinkler systems work; and (6) automotive glass work and flat glass work.

(b) The Electrical Work Board shall consist of twelve members who shall be residents of this state, one of whom shall be a general contractor or an unlimited contractor licensed for such occupation under this chapter, two of whom shall be unlimited contractors licensed for such occupation under this chapter, neither of whom at the time of appointment shall be a member or an employee of a member of a trade union or a party or an employee of a party to a contract with a trade union, one of whom shall be an electronic technician licensed under chapter 394, four of whom shall be unlimited journeymen licensed for such occupation under this chapter, who at the time of appointment shall be members of a trade union and four of whom shall be public members.

(c) The Heating, Piping, Cooling and Sheet Metal Work Board shall consist of twelve members who shall be residents of this state and, except as otherwise provided in this subsection, (1) one of whom shall be a general contractor or an unlimited contractor licensed to perform heating, piping and cooling work under this chapter, (2) two of whom shall be unlimited contractors licensed to perform heating, piping and cooling work under this chapter, neither of whom at the time of appointment shall be a member or an employee of a member of a trade union or a party or an employee of a party to a contract with a trade union, (3) one of whom shall be a limited contractor licensed to perform sheet metal work under this chapter, provided such member's powers and duties on the board shall be limited to matters concerning sheet metal work, as defined in subdivision (13) of section 20-330, (4) three of whom shall be unlimited journeymen licensed to perform heating, piping and cooling work under this chapter, who at the time of appointment shall be members of a trade union, (5) one of whom shall be a journeyman sheet metal worker, who at the time of appointment shall be a member of a trade union, provided such member's powers and duties shall be limited to matters concerning sheet metal work, as defined in subdivision (13) of section 20-330, and (6) four of whom shall be public members. Each person who is a member of the board on October 1, 1999, shall continue to serve at the pleasure of the Governor. Only the members appointed pursuant to subdivisions (1), (3), (5) and (6) of this subsection may consider and act upon matters concerning sheet metal work, as defined in subdivision (13) of section 20-330.

(d) The Plumbing and Piping Work Board shall consist of twelve members who shall be residents of this state, one of whom shall be a general contractor or an unlimited contractor licensed for such occupations under this chapter, two of whom shall be unlimited contractors licensed for such occupations under this chapter, neither of whom at the time of appointment shall be a member or an employee of a member of a trade union or a party or an employee of a party to a contract with a trade union, one of whom shall be a well drilling contractor licensed pursuant to section 25-129, four of whom shall be unlimited journeymen licensed for such occupations under this chapter, who at the time of appointment shall be members of a trade union, and four of whom shall be public members.

(e) The Elevator Installation, Repair and Maintenance Board shall consist of eight members who shall be residents of this state, three of whom shall be unlimited contractors, two of whom shall be elevator craftsmen, licensed for such occupation under this chapter, and three of whom shall be public members, provided at least one of the unlimited contractors shall be a member of either the National Association of Elevator Contractors or the National Elevator Industries, Incorporated.

(f) The Fire Protection Sprinkler Systems Board shall consist of nine members who shall be residents of this state, two of whom shall be journeymen sprinkler fitters, two of whom shall be fire protection sprinkler contractors, three of whom shall be public members, one of whom shall be a representative of the State Fire Marshal and one of whom shall be a local fire marshal.

(g) The Automotive Glass Work and Flat Glass Work Board shall consist of eight members who shall be residents of this state, one of whom shall be a general contractor or an unlimited contractor licensed to perform automotive glass work under this chapter, one of whom shall be a general contractor or an unlimited contractor licensed to perform flat glass work under this chapter, one of whom shall be an unlimited contractor licensed to perform automotive glass work under this chapter, one of whom shall be an unlimited contractor licensed to perform flat glass work under this chapter, one of whom shall be an unlimited journeyman licensed to perform flat glass work under this chapter and three of whom shall be public members. The initial members appointed under this subsection need not be licensed to perform such work under this chapter before January 1, 2001, provided such initial members shall satisfy the applicable criteria set forth in subsection (e) of section 20-334a. On and after January 1, 2001, each member appointed under this subsection shall be licensed as provided in this subsection.

(h) The contractor and journeymen or elevator craftsmen members of each board established under this section shall be appointed by the Governor from a list of names submitted by employers' and employees' associations in the respective occupations. The Governor may fill any vacancy occurring in the membership of any such board, may remove any member for cause, after notice and hearing, and shall remove any licensed member whose license is not renewed or whose license has become void, revoked or suspended. Each member of such boards shall, before entering upon the duties of such member's office, take the oath provided by law for public officers. Members shall not be compensated for their services but shall be reimbursed for necessary expenses incurred in the performance of their duties.

(February, 1965, P.A. 493, S. 2; 1967, P.A. 789, S. 2; P.A. 77-614, S. 184, 610; Nov. Sp. Sess. P.A. 81-11, S. 11, 19; P.A. 82-404, S. 2, 4; P.A. 85-352; P.A. 86-293; P.A. 87-588, S. 3, 8; P.A. 89-25, S. 1, 3; 89-164, S. 1, 2; P.A. 93-151, S. 2, 4; 93-435, S. 57, 95; P.A. 98-3, S. 24; P.A. 99-73, S. 2; 99-170, S. 2; 99-253, S. 2; June 30 Sp. Sess. P.A. 03-6, S. 146(d); P.A. 04-169, S. 17; 04-189, S. 1; P.A. 06-126, S. 1; P.A. 10-9, S. 8.)

History: 1967 act updated statute to conform with Sec. 20-330 and to provide for appointment of members replacing original members, changed requirement that 4 of members be contractors or journeymen, specified contractor, journeymen or craftsmen members be licensed rather than eligible to be licensed and that such licenses be unlimited and changed date for submitting list of names to governor from July first to May first of year in which appointments are to be made; P.A. 77-614 placed boards within consumer protection department, increased number of members from 5 to 7, deleted member who is not engaged in profession or eligible for license, added 3 public members, deleted provision setting May first date for submission of list of nominees, July first appointment date and six-year terms and deleted provision for biennial election of board officers, effective January 1, 1979; Nov. Sp. Sess. P.A. 81-11 replaced provision whereby members received “only necessary and reasonable expenses” incidental to duties with provision specifying that members receive no compensation but are to be reimbursed for expenses incurred in performing duties; P.A. 82-404 increased membership of elevator installation and maintenance board from 7 to 8, adding one unlimited contractor to the board, and required that at least one of the unlimited contractors be a member of one of two specified professional associations; P.A. 85-352 provided that the electrical examining board shall include a general contractor among its members, increasing the membership from 7 to 8; P.A. 86-293 increased the membership of the heating, piping and cooling board and the plumbing and piping board from 7 to 9 members, required that such boards include a general contractor and increased number of journeymen members from 2 to 3; P.A. 87-588 established the fire protection sprinkler systems board, effective July 1, 1988; P.A. 89-25 removed the requirement that members of the plumbing and piping board, heating, piping and cooling board, electrical board and elevator installation, repair and maintenance board who are required to be licensed for the occupation overseen by the board on which they serve also be engaged in such occupation; P.A. 89-164 reorganized the membership of the electrical, plumbing and piping and heating, piping and cooling boards, effective July 1, 1991; P.A. 93-151 increased the membership of the plumbing and piping work board from 6 members to 12 members by adding a registered well driller, an unlimited journeyman and a public member effective June 14, 1993; P.A. 93-435 substituted reference to registration for reference to licensure of well drilling contractors, effective June 28, 1993; P.A. 98-3 divided section into Subsecs. and made technical changes; P.A. 99-73 divided existing Subsec. (b) into new Subsec. (b) increasing the membership of the Electrical Work Board from 9 to 12 members and specifying their qualifications, and new Subsec. (c) describing the Heating, Piping and Cooling Work Board, relettering the existing Subsecs. accordingly and making technical changes; P.A. 99-170 made gender neutral change, amended Subsec. (a) to add new Subdiv. (6) placing the Automotive Glass Work and Flat Glass Work Examining Board within the department, inserted Subsec. (g) to establish the membership of the Automotive Glass Work and Flat Glass Work Board and relettered the remaining Subsec. accordingly; P.A. 99-253 amended Subsec. (a) to expand jurisdiction of heating, piping and cooling examining board to include sheet metal work, amended Subsec. (b) to delete the reference to the Heating, Piping and Cooling Work Board, creating a new Subsec. (c) re Heating, Piping, Cooling and Sheet Metal Work Board, and relettered the remaining Subsecs. accordingly; June 30 Sp. Sess. P.A. 03-6 and P.A. 04-169 replaced Department of Consumer Protection with Department of Agriculture and Consumer Protection, effective July 1, 2004; P.A. 04-189 repealed Sec. 146 of June 30 Sp. Sess. P.A. 03-6, thereby reversing the merger of the Departments of Agriculture and Consumer Protection, effective June 1, 2004; P.A. 06-126 amended Subsec. (c) to specify that only members appointed pursuant to Subdivs. (1), (3), (5) and (6) may consider and act upon matters concerning sheet metal work; P.A. 10-9 amended Subsec. (g) by reducing number of board members from 9 to 8 and deleting requirement re board member who is an unlimited journeyman licensed to perform automotive glass work, effective May 5, 2010.

See Sec. 4-9a for definition of “public member”.

See Secs. 21a-6 to 21a-10, inclusive, re control, powers and duties of boards within Department of Consumer Protection.

Cited. 209 C. 719.

Cited. 22 CA 181.

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Conn. Gen. Stat. § 20-334

Sec. 20-334g. Certificate for solar thermal work. The Commissioner of Consumer Protection, after consultation with either the Heating, Piping, Cooling and Sheet Metal Work Board or the Plumbing and Piping Work Board, as appropriate, shall issue a solar thermal work certificate authorizing the performance of solar thermal work, as defined in section 20-330, to any person who: (1) Has been issued a P-1, P-2, P-3, P-4, S-1, S-2, S-3 or S-4, license issued by the Department of Consumer Protection, (2) has completed a solar thermal installation training course approved by the commissioner, and (3) has achieved a passing score on a solar thermal work examination approved by the commissioner. Such certificate shall be renewed consistent with the renewal process for the prerequisite licenses. The initial or renewal fee for such certificate shall be fifty dollars.

(Sept. Sp. Sess. P.A. 09-8, S. 32.)

History: Sept. Sp. Sess. P.A. 09-8 effective October 5, 2009.

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Conn. Gen. Stat. § 20-338.

Sec. 20-338. License as contractor and journeyman. Valid throughout state. The Department of Consumer Protection shall issue a separate license to persons qualified to engage in work as contractors and as journeymen. Any person licensed under this chapter shall be permitted to perform the work or occupation covered by such license in any town or municipality of this state without further examination or licensing by any town or municipality.

(February, 1965, P.A. 493, S. 12; 1967, P.A. 789, S. 10; P.A. 81-361, S. 27, 39; June 30 Sp. Sess. P.A. 03-6, S. 146(d); P.A. 04-169, S. 17; 04-189, S. 1.)

History: 1967 act rephrased previous provision, referring to “a separate license” rather than to “separate licenses” and added provision clarifying rights conferred by license; P.A. 81-361 amended section to provide for issuance of licenses by department instead of boards as of July 1, 1981; June 30 Sp. Sess. P.A. 03-6 and P.A. 04-169 replaced Department of Consumer Protection with Department of Agriculture and Consumer Protection, effective July 1, 2004; P.A. 04-189 repealed Sec. 146 of June 30 Sp. Sess. P.A. 03-6, thereby reversing the merger of the Departments of Agriculture and Consumer Protection, effective June 1, 2004.

If plaintiff is properly licensed by state, defendant city must grant him a work permit to do plumbing within its limits. 26 CS 329.

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Conn. Gen. Stat. § 20-340.

Sec. 20-340. Exemptions from licensing requirements. The provisions of this chapter shall not apply to: (1) Persons employed by any federal, state or municipal agency; (2) employees of any public service company regulated by the Public Utilities Regulatory Authority or of any corporate affiliate of any such company when the work performed by such affiliate is on behalf of a public service company, but in either case only if the work performed is in connection with the rendition of public utility service, including the installation or maintenance of wire for community antenna television service, or is in connection with the installation or maintenance of wire or telephone sets for single-line telephone service located inside the premises of a consumer; (3) employees of any municipal corporation specially chartered by this state; (4) employees of any contractor while such contractor is performing electrical-line or emergency work for any public service company; (5) persons engaged in the installation, maintenance, repair and service of electrical or other appliances of a size customarily used for domestic use where such installation commences at an outlet receptacle or connection previously installed by persons licensed to do the same and maintenance, repair and service is confined to the appliance itself and its internal operation; (6) employees of industrial firms whose main duties concern the maintenance of the electrical work, plumbing and piping work, solar thermal work, heating, piping, cooling work, sheet metal work, elevator installation, repair and maintenance work, automotive glass work or flat glass work of such firm on its own premises or on premises leased by it for its own use; (7) employees of industrial firms when such employees' main duties concern the fabrication of glass products or electrical, plumbing and piping, fire protection sprinkler systems, solar, heating, piping, cooling, chemical piping, sheet metal or elevator installation, repair and maintenance equipment used in the production of goods sold by industrial firms, except for products, electrical, plumbing and piping systems and repair and maintenance equipment used directly in the production of a product for human consumption; (8) persons performing work necessary to the manufacture or repair of any apparatus, appliances, fixtures, equipment or devices produced by it for sale or lease; (9) employees of stage and theatrical companies performing the operation, installation and maintenance of electrical equipment if such installation commences at an outlet receptacle or connection previously installed by persons licensed to make such installation; (10) employees of carnivals, circuses or similar transient amusement shows who install electrical work, provided such installation shall be subject to the approval of the State Fire Marshal prior to use as otherwise provided by law and shall comply with applicable municipal ordinances and regulations; (11) persons engaged in the installation, maintenance, repair and service of glass or electrical, plumbing, fire protection sprinkler systems, solar, heating, piping, cooling and sheet metal equipment in and about single-family residences owned and occupied or to be occupied by such persons; provided any such installation, maintenance and repair shall be subject to inspection and approval by the building official of the municipality in which such residence is located and shall conform to the requirements of the State Building Code; (12) persons who install, maintain or repair glass in a motor vehicle owned or leased by such persons; (13) persons or entities holding themselves out to be retail sellers of glass products, but not such persons or entities that also engage in automotive glass work or flat glass work; (14) persons who install preglazed or preassembled windows or doors in residential or commercial buildings; (15) persons registered under chapter 400 who install safety-backed mirror products or repair or replace flat glass in sizes not greater than thirty square feet in residential buildings; (16) sheet metal work performed in residential buildings consisting of six units or less by new home construction contractors registered pursuant to chapter 399a, by home improvement contractors registered pursuant to chapter 400 or by persons licensed pursuant to this chapter, when such work is limited to exhaust systems installed for hoods and fans in kitchens and baths, clothes dryer exhaust systems, radon vent systems, fireplaces, fireplace flues, masonry chimneys or prefabricated metal chimneys rated by Underwriters Laboratories or installation of stand-alone appliances including wood, pellet or other stand-alone stoves that are installed in residential buildings by such contractors or persons; (17) employees of or any contractor employed by and under the direction of a properly licensed solar contractor, performing work limited to the hoisting, placement and anchoring of solar collectors, photovoltaic panels, towers or turbines; (18) persons performing swimming pool maintenance and repair work authorized pursuant to section 20-417aa; and (19) any employee of the Connecticut Airport Authority covered by a state collective bargaining agreement.

(February, 1965, P.A. 493, S. 9; 1967, P.A. 199, S. 1; 789, S. 12; 1972, P.A. 7; P.A. 75-464; 75-486, S. 1, 52, 69; P.A. 77-614, S. 162, 610; P.A. 80-482, S. 176, 348; P.A. 82-439, S. 5, 7; P.A. 83-426, S. 5; P.A. 87-588, S. 6, 8; P.A. 88-178, S. 1, 3; P.A. 96-21, S. 1, 3; P.A. 98-3, S. 34; P.A. 99-170, S. 5; 99-253, S. 6; P.A. 03-59, S. 1; 03-83, S. 3; 03-261, S. 2; P.A. 05-88, S. 2; 05-211, S. 4; P.A. 07-242, S. 48; P.A. 08-44, S. 2; P.A. 11-80, S. 1; June 12 Sp. Sess. P.A. 12-2, S. 62; P.A. 14-199, S. 10.)

History: 1967 acts updated statute to conform with Sec. 20-330, substituted title public service company for public utilities, added as exemption corporate affiliates of public service companies and added exemptions for employees of municipal corporations, employees of contractors performing work subject to government inspection, persons performing electrical work in connection with domestic use, persons manufacturing or repairing mechanisms produced for sale or lease, employees of stage and theatrical companies doing electrical work and employees of carnivals, circuses, etc. doing electrical work; 1972 act provided exemption for persons doing electrical work in single-family residences; P.A. 75-464 amended Subdiv. (4) to specify “electrical-line or emergency” work and to delete reference to work “subject to inspection by any federal, state or municipal agency or corporation other than a municipal building department”; P.A. 75-486 replaced public utilities commission with public utilities control authority; P.A. 77-614 replaced public utilities control authority with division of public utility control within the department of business regulation, effective January 1, 1979; P.A. 80-482 made division of public utility control an independent department and deleted reference to abolished department of business regulation; P.A. 82-439 applied exemptions under Subdivs. (6), (7) and (11) to solar work, effective April 1, 1984; P.A. 83-426 changed effective date of P.A. 82-439 with respect to this section from April 1, 1984, to July 1, 1984; P.A. 87-588 amended Subdivs. (7) and (11) by extending the provisions of said Subdivs. to fire protection sprinkler systems, effective July 1, 1988; P.A. 88-178 amended Subdiv. (2) to expand the exemption to include the installation and maintenance of single-line telephone equipment; P.A. 96-21 added reference to installation or maintenance of wire for community antenna television service in Subdiv. (2), effective April 29, 1996; P.A. 98-3 made technical changes; P.A. 99-170 amended Subdiv. (6) to exempt employees of industrial firms primarily involved in maintaining automotive glass work or flat glass work, amended Subdiv. (7) to exempt the fabrication of glass products, amended Subdiv. (11) to exempt persons engaged in installing, maintaining, repairing and servicing glass equipment in and about single-family residences and added new Subdivs. (12) to (15) to exempt automotive glass workers who perform such work on vehicles owned or leased by such persons, retail sellers of glass products, installers of preglazed or preassembled windows or doors for residential or commercial buildings and registered home improvement contractors who install safety-backed mirror products or repair or replace flat glass of less than 30 square feet in size in residential buildings; P.A. 99-253 amended Subdivs. (6), (7) and (11) to replace references to heating, piping and cooling with references to heating, piping, cooling and sheet metal; P.A. 03-59 added Subdiv. (16) re exemptions for sheet metal work performed in residential buildings of six units or less by new home construction contractors, home improvement contractors and new home construction contractors, subject to certain limitations; P.A. 03-83 amended Subdiv. (7) to specify that fabrication of products, electrical, plumbing and piping systems and repair and maintenance equipment used directly in the production of a product for human consumption are not exempt from the provisions of Ch. 393; P.A. 03-261 amended Subdiv. (7) to specify that provisions thereof apply to employees of industrial firms when such employees' main duties are concerned with specified activities; P.A. 05-88 amended Subdiv. (7) to include chemical piping; P.A. 05-211 amended Subdiv. (6) to change “solar work” to “solar thermal work”; P.A. 07-242 added Subdiv. (17) re solar contractors, effective June 4, 2007; P.A. 08-44 added Subdiv. (18) re exemption for persons performing swimming pool maintenance and repair work, effective May 7, 2008; pursuant to P.A. 11-80, “Department of Public Utility Control” was changed editorially by the Revisors to “Public Utilities Regulatory Authority” in Subdiv. (2), effective July 1, 2011; June 12 Sp. Sess. P.A. 12-2 made a technical change in Subdiv. (16); P.A. 14-199 added Subdiv. (19) re any employee of the Connecticut Airport Authority covered by a state collective bargaining agreement, effective June 12, 2014.

Hospital not “industrial firm” within meaning of Subdiv. (6); such broad application of exemption would be contrary to remedial purpose of licensing statutes. 243 C. 709.

Subdiv. (1): Does not provide exemption for independent contractors. 12 CA 251. Subdiv. (2): Gas companies' service employees are not exempt from licensing requirements of chapter; “public utility service” used in statutory sense does not include repair and maintenance of gas appliances. 43 CA 196.

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Conn. Gen. Stat. § 20-428.

Sec. 20-428. Exemptions. This chapter shall not apply to any of the following persons or organizations: (1) The government of the state, municipalities of the state or any department or agency of the state or such municipalities; (2) the government of the United States or any of its departments or agencies; (3) any school, public or private, offering as part of a vocational education program courses and training in any aspect of home improvements; and (4) any person holding a current professional or occupational license issued pursuant to the general statutes, and any person registered pursuant to sections 25-126 to 25-137, inclusive, provided such person engages only in that work for which such person is licensed or registered.

(P.A. 79-606, S. 11, 14; P.A. 90-233, S. 1; P.A. 91-99; P.A. 02-82, S. 1.)

History: P.A. 90-233 extended exemption to those holding licenses under chapter 390, 391 or 393; P.A. 91-99 exempted persons holding a current professional or occupational license from provisions of chapter, deleting reference to licenses issued under chapter 390, 391 or 393; P.A. 02-82 exempted well drilling contractors registered pursuant to Secs. 25-126 to 25-137, inclusive, provided work engaged in is only that work for which contractor is registered, and made technical change for purpose of gender neutrality.

Cited. 224 C. 231; 240 C. 654.

Cited. 33 CA 294; 42 CA 124. Licensed professional exemption applied to professional engineer who drew up plans for home addition and supervised construction. 123 CA 10.

Subdiv. (4):

Cited. 40 CA 351. Licensed public adjusters are exempt from act pursuant to Subdiv. 58 CA 8. Licensed professional exemption applies to plumber's activities to restore site to its original condition which were ancillary to plumbing work for which he was licensed. 115 CA 457.

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Conn. Gen. Stat. § 21-64.

Sec. 21-64. Definitions. As used in this chapter:

(1) “Mobile manufactured home” means a detached residential unit having three-dimensional components which are intrinsically mobile with or without a wheeled chassis or a detached residential unit built on or after June 15, 1976, in accordance with federal manufactured home construction and safety standards, and, in either case, containing sleeping accommodations, a flush toilet, tub or shower bath, kitchen facilities and plumbing and electrical connections for attachment to outside systems, and designed for long-term occupancy and to be placed on rigid supports at the site where it is to be occupied as a residence, complete and ready for occupancy, except for minor and incidental unpacking and assembly operations and connection to utilities systems;

(2) “Mobile manufactured home park” or “park” means a plot of ground upon which two or more mobile manufactured homes, occupied for residential purposes are located;

(3) “Mobile manufactured home space or lot” means a plot of ground within a mobile manufactured home park designed for the accommodation of one mobile manufactured home;

(4) “Licensee” means any person licensed to operate and maintain a mobile manufactured home park under the provisions of this chapter;

(5) “Resident” means a person who owns, or rents and occupies, a mobile manufactured home in a mobile manufactured home park;

(6) “Department” means the Department of Consumer Protection;

(7) “Park owner” or “owner” means a licensee or permittee or any person who owns, operates or maintains a mobile manufactured home park;

(8) “Dwelling unit” means a mobile manufactured home;

(9) “Person” means an individual, corporation, limited liability company, the state or any political subdivision thereof, agency, business trust, estate, trust, partnership or association, two or more persons having a joint or common interest, and any other legal or commercial entity;

(10) “Premises” means a dwelling unit and facilities and appurtenances therein and grounds, areas and facilities held out for the use of residents generally or whose use is promised to the resident;

(11) “Rent” means all periodic payments to be made to the owner under the rental agreement;

(12) “Rental agreement” means all agreements, written or oral, and valid rules and regulations adopted under subsection (d) of section 21-70, embodying the terms and conditions concerning the use and occupancy of a dwelling unit or premises.

(1972, P.A. 186, S. 1; P.A. 74-333, S. 1, 12; P.A. 81-322, S. 1; P.A. 82-162, S. 1; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 83-3, S. 2; P.A. 90-242, S. 3; P.A. 91-383, S. 1; P.A. 95-79, S. 73, 189; June 30 Sp. Sess. P.A. 03-6, S. 146(d); P.A. 04-169, S. 17; 04-189, S. 1; P.A. 23-125, S. 1.)

History: P.A. 74-333 substituted “residential” and “residence” for “dwelling” in Subsecs. (a) and (b), substituted “renter” for “lessee” and “owner” for “licensee or permittee” in Subsec. (f) and added new Subsec. (h) defining “owner”; P.A. 81-322 amended definition of “resident” to eliminate reference to owner's consent to occupancy; P.A. 82-162 amended the definition of “resident” in Subdiv. (6) to include one who owns, but does not occupy a mobile home; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 83-3 replaced definition of “mobile home”, substituted “mobile manufactured home” for “mobile home”, deleted definition of “permittee” and substituted definition of “department” for definition of “commission”, renumbering Subdivs. as necessary; P.A. 90-242 stated that it was adding Subsecs. (8) to (10), inclusive, defining “leased cottage community”, “cottage” and “cottage association” but these Subsecs. were codified as Sec. 21-90 in new chapter 413a since their subject matter is unrelated to that of this chapter 412; P.A. 91-383 added definitions of “dwelling unit”, “person”, “premises”, “rent” and “rental agreement”; P.A. 95-79 redefined “person” to include a limited liability company, effective May 31, 1995; June 30 Sp. Sess. P.A. 03-6 and P.A. 04-169 replaced Department of Consumer Protection with Department of Agriculture and Consumer Protection, effective July 1, 2004; P.A. 04-189 repealed Sec. 146 of June 30 Sp. Sess. P.A. 03-6, thereby reversing the merger of the Departments of Agriculture and Consumer Protection, effective June 1, 2004; P.A. 23-125 added definition of “park owner” in Subdiv. (7).

Cited. 208 C. 620. Imposes no residency requirement upon owner of mobile home located in a mobile home park to qualify as a park resident. Id., 656. Cited. 209 C. 243; Id., 724.

Cited. 7 CA 639. “Mobile home” as commonly understood, does not encompass “motor homes”. 70 CA 86. Defendant resident's ownership of stock in plaintiff corporation did not make her an owner of the mobile manufactured home park. 161 CA 668.

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Conn. Gen. Stat. § 21-68.

Sec. 21-68. Conformance with building and fire safety codes, ordinances and regulations required. Replacement of mobile manufactured home in mobile manufactured home park. Each mobile manufactured home park shall conform to the requirements of the State Building Code, the Fire Safety Code and local ordinances or planning or zoning regulations, if any, provided an applicant for a license for a mobile manufactured home park in existence on October 1, 1972, may, with the consent of the Commissioner of Consumer Protection, be exempted from the provisions of sections 425.31, 425.32, 425.33, 425.51 and 425.52 of the basic or State Building Code, if such park meets the remaining requirements for a license; and provided further, the commissioner may exempt any mobile manufactured home park from the provisions of section 425.37 of said code, with respect to faucets, sanitary facilities, laundry tubs and slop sinks for community use. The replacement of a mobile manufactured home in a mobile manufactured home park with a mobile manufactured home with the same or different external dimensions that is built in compliance with federal mobile manufactured home construction and safety standards, as amended from time to time, shall not constitute an expansion of a nonconforming use.

(1972, P.A. 186, S. 5; P.A. 75-177; P.A. 77-614, S. 247, 610; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 83-3, S. 5; June 30 Sp. Sess. P.A. 03-6, S. 146(c); P.A. 04-189, S. 1; P.A. 07-43, S. 1.)

History: P.A. 75-177 provided further exemption with respect to plumbing facilities for community use at commission's discretion; P.A. 77-614 provided for consent of commissioner of consumer protection for exemptions, effective January 1, 1979; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 83-3 eliminated reference to real estate commission and to permits and substituted “mobile manufactured home” for “mobile home”; June 30 Sp. Sess. P.A. 03-6 replaced Commissioner of Consumer Protection with Commissioner of Agriculture and Consumer Protection, effective July 1, 2004; P.A. 04-189 repealed Sec. 146 of June 30 Sp. Sess. P.A. 03-6, thereby reversing the merger of the Departments of Agriculture and Consumer Protection, effective June 1, 2004; P.A. 07-43 made a technical change and added provision re replacement of certain mobile manufactured homes in mobile manufactured home park not to constitute an expansion of a nonconforming use, effective May 21, 2007.

Cited. 208 C. 620.

Provision added to section by P.A. 07-43, re replacement of a mobile manufactured home not constituting an expansion of a nonconforming use, has no retroactive application because there is no evidence of an intent to clarify existing law and action was pending at the time of passage, and Sec. 1-1(u) provides that passage of an act shall not affect any pending action. 106 CA 1.

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Conn. Gen. Stat. § 21-71.

Sec. 21-71. Revocation, suspension, refusal to renew or placement of conditions on license for violation. Fine. Independent inspection report. Remedies available to residents. Order to discontinue or remediate violation. Fine for failure to comply after reinspection. (a) The department may revoke, suspend, place conditions on or refuse to renew any license to operate a mobile manufactured home park for a violation of any provision of this chapter or any regulations issued hereunder or any other state or local law or regulation, after hearing, except that if the department upon investigation finds a licensee is not providing adequate sewerage facilities, electrical, plumbing or sanitary services, water supply or fire protection, suspension of the license shall be automatic, provided such licensee shall be entitled to a hearing before the department not later than thirty days after such suspension. A license may be reinstated or reissued if the circumstances leading to the violation have been remedied and the park is being maintained and operated in full compliance with this chapter and the regulations hereunder. Each officer, board, commission or department of the state or any local government shall assist the department with technical data on sewerage facilities, electrical, plumbing or sanitary services, water supply or fire protection and shall submit such data to the department for the department's use in any hearing held pursuant to this section. In addition to revoking, suspending, placing conditions on, or refusing to renew any license to operate a mobile manufactured home park, the department may, following an administrative hearing, impose a fine of not less than fifty nor more than three hundred dollars for each day that such violation exists. In connection with any investigation the Commissioner of Consumer Protection or the commissioner's authorized agent may administer oaths, issue subpoenas, compel testimony and order the production of books, records and documents. Each owner shall retain all leases, disclosure statements, rules and regulations required under this chapter for at least four years after any resident to whom they relate vacates the park.

(b) (1) If an inspection by the department reveals a violation of any provision of this chapter or any regulation issued under this chapter, the cost of all reinspections necessary to determine compliance with any such provision shall be assumed by the owner, except that if a first reinspection indicates compliance with such provision, no charge shall be made.

(2) As part of an inspection or investigation, the department may order an owner of a mobile manufactured home park to obtain an independent inspection report, at the sole cost of the owner, that assesses the condition and potential public health impact of a condition at the park, including, but not limited to, the condition of trees and electrical, plumbing or sanitary systems.

(3) (A) In ordering an owner of a mobile manufactured home park to obtain an independent inspection report under this subsection, the department may require (i) the person completing such report to have training or be licensed in a particular area related to the ordered inspection, and (ii) that such report specifically address particular areas of, or issues affecting, the park that are of concern to the department.

(B) In the event that the department requires the person completing an independent inspection report under this subsection to have training or be licensed in a particular area, the department shall include such requirement in the first order the department issues to the mobile manufactured home park owner requiring such report.

(C) The mobile manufactured home park owner shall submit proof of compliance with the provisions of this subdivision at the time the owner submits to the department the independent inspection report required under this subsection.

(4) If the department orders a mobile manufactured home park owner to obtain an independent inspection report as part of the owner's application for a license, or for renewal of a license, to operate a mobile manufactured home park, the department shall issue such order to such owner at the electronic mail address such owner most recently provided to the department in such owner's application. Such order shall provide a description of the condition or conditions that require further assessment by such owner.

(5) A mobile manufactured home park owner shall obtain and submit to the department an independent inspection report required under this subsection not later than thirty days after the department issued the order requiring such report or a later date approved, in writing, by the commissioner or the commissioner's designee.

(6) Each independent inspection report required under this subsection shall include (A) an assessment of (i) all conditions outlined in the department's order requiring such report that impact public health and safety for the purpose of assessing the risk that such conditions pose to public health and safety, and (ii) the severity of the conditions described in subparagraph (A)(i) of this subdivision, and (B) a detailed plan of action to remedy each condition described in subparagraph (A)(i) of this subdivision.

(7) Not later than ten days after a mobile manufactured home park owner receives an independent inspection report required under this subsection, the mobile manufactured home park owner shall provide to the department, in writing, a detailed plan to remedy the assessed condition, which plan shall include, at a minimum, a specific timeline, proposed contractors and a budget.

(c) In addition to any other available remedies, the provisions of section 47a-14h shall be available to all residents in a mobile manufactured home park including residents who own their own units.

(d) The department may issue an order to any owner determined to be in violation of any provision of this chapter or any regulation issued under this section after an inspection of a mobile manufactured home park, providing for the immediate discontinuance of the violation or timely remediation of such violation. Any owner of a mobile manufactured home park who fails to comply with any orders contained in a notice of violation resulting from a reinspection of such park not later than thirty days after issuance of such notice, including confirmation of active licensure, shall be fined five hundred dollars per violation and shall follow the procedures specified in section 51-164n.

(1972, P.A. 186, S. 8; P.A. 74-37; P.A. 77-460; 77-614, S. 249, 610; P.A. 81-322, S. 3; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 83-3, S. 9; P.A. 84-83, S. 4, 10; P.A. 90-242, S. 1, 5; June 30 Sp. Sess. P.A. 03-6, S. 146(c); P.A. 04-189, S. 1; P.A. 21-37, S. 31; P.A. 22-70, S. 8; P.A. 24-142, S. 13.)

History: P.A. 74-37 provided for state and local assistance with technical data for the commission; P.A. 77-460 provided for imposition of fine between $50 and $300 for each day of violation in addition to revocation of permit or license; P.A. 77-614 deleted reference to Sec. 20-321 in connection with hearing, effective January 1, 1979; P.A. 81-322 added powers to suspend or refuse to renew permits or licenses; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 83-3 changed references to real estate commission to department of consumer protection, changed “mobile home” to “mobile manufactured home”, deleted references to park permittees and specified the powers of the commissioner of consumer protection in connection with investigations, the act also required park owners to retain records for at least four years and to pay the cost of reinspections by the department in some instances; P.A. 84-83 changed references to Secs. 21-64 to 21-75, inclusive, to “this chapter or any regulation issued hereunder”; P.A. 90-242 added Subsec. (b) re the availability to all residents of the remedies provided by Sec. 47a-14h; June 30 Sp. Sess. P.A. 03-6 replaced Commissioner of Consumer Protection with Commissioner of Agriculture and Consumer Protection, effective July 1, 2004; P.A. 04-189 repealed Sec. 146 of June 30 Sp. Sess. P.A. 03-6, thereby reversing the merger of the Departments of Agriculture and Consumer Protection, effective June 1, 2004; P.A. 21-37 amended Subsec. (a) by adding references to placing conditions, changing 5 to 30 days after suspension, adding reference to administrative hearing, deleting provision re order to discontinue violation and redesignating a portion of existing Subsec. (a) as new Subsec. (b), amended new Subsec. (b) to add provision re ordering independent inspection report and made technical changes, redesignated existing Subsec. (b) as Subsec. (c) and added Subsec. (d) re order to discontinue or remediate violation and $500 fine for failure to comply after reinspection, effective June 4, 2021; P.A. 22-70 made a technical change in Subsec. (d); P.A. 24-142 amended Subsec. (a) by designating existing provisions as Subdivs. (1) and (2), making a technical change in Subdiv. (2) and adding Subdivs. (3) to (7) re qualifications of person conducting independent inspection report, areas or issues of concern to be addressed in report, manner in which order for report is issued, deadline for submission of report, contents of report and plan to remedy condition assessed in report, effective June 6, 2024.

Cited. 178 C. 586; 208 C. 620.

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Conn. Gen. Stat. § 21-73.

Sec. 21-73. Collection of rents prohibited after suspension or revocation of permit or license. Management fee. (a) Upon the suspension or revocation of a license or the refusal to renew a license, pursuant to section 21-71, the licensee shall be prohibited from collecting any rents or other consideration until the license is reinstated or reissued. In the event of such suspension, revocation or refusal to renew a license, the department may apply to the Superior Court for a receivership to carry on the management of the park with the costs of the receivership assessed against the owner.

(b) Upon the automatic suspension of a license for failure to supply adequate sewerage, electrical, plumbing or sanitary services, water supply or fire protection the department may: (1) Collect such rents or other consideration and use the proceeds to provide any necessary services or; (2) apply to the Superior Court for a receivership to carry on the management of the park with the costs of the receivership assessed against the owner.

(c) The department shall charge the licensee a fee of ten per cent of all rental payments collected to cover the cost of collection of rents and use of proceeds.

(d) If the Commissioner of Consumer Protection finds that conditions constituting a threat to the health or safety of residents exist within a mobile manufactured home park, the commissioner may require the owner to post a bond in such form and amount as the commissioner shall require, which shall run to the state for the use of the state in the event the owner is unable to remedy such conditions.

(1972, P.A. 186, S. 10; P.A. 81-322, S. 4; P.A. 82-162, S. 2; 82-372, S. 1; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 83-3, S. 11; P.A. 84-83, S. 5, 10; June 30 Sp. Sess. P.A. 03-6, S. 146(c); P.A. 04-189, S. 1.)

History: P.A. 81-322 added reference to refusal to renew a permit or license; P.A. 82-162 added reference to reinstatement or reissuance of permits; P.A. 82-372 added Subsec. (b) requiring the real estate commission to assess a management fee to cover cost of collecting rents and using proceeds to provide essential services in the event permit or license is suspended; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 83-3 deleted references to park permits, changed references to commission to department and added provisions allowing department to apply for receivership and to require posting of a bond by park owners; P.A. 84-83 provided that the department of consumer protection may apply for a receivership to manage a park when the licensee has had his license suspended or revoked, with the cost of the receivership assessed against the licensee; June 30 Sp. Sess. P.A. 03-6 replaced Commissioner of Consumer Protection with Commissioner of Agriculture and Consumer Protection, effective July 1, 2004; P.A. 04-189 repealed Sec. 146 of June 30 Sp. Sess. P.A. 03-6, thereby reversing the merger of the Departments of Agriculture and Consumer Protection, effective June 1, 2004.

Cited. 178 C. 586; 208 C. 620.

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Conn. Gen. Stat. § 21-82.

Sec. 21-82. Owner's responsibilities. Resident's responsibilities. Payment of rent. Terms and conditions of rental agreement. Remedy for unlawful entry. Mitigation of damages. Acceptance of overdue rent. (a) At all times during the tenancy the owner shall:

(1) Comply with the requirements of the State Building Code, the Fire Safety Code, and all applicable state laws and regulations, local ordinances and planning and zoning regulations materially affecting health and safety;

(2) Maintain the premises and regrade them when necessary to prevent the accumulation of stagnant water and to prevent the detrimental effects of moving water;

(3) Maintain the ground at such a level that the mobile manufactured home will not tilt from its original position;

(4) Keep each mobile manufactured home space or lot marked in such a way that each resident will be certain of his area of responsibility;

(5) Keep any exterior area of the park not the responsibility of each resident free from any species of weed or plant growth which are noxious or detrimental to the health of the residents;

(6) Make all repairs and do whatever is necessary to put and keep the portion of the mobile manufactured home park that is not the responsibility of each resident in a fit and habitable condition, except where such premises are intentionally rendered unfit or uninhabitable by the resident, a member of his family or other person on the premises with his consent, in which case such duty shall be the responsibility of the resident;

(7) Keep all common areas of the premises in a clean and safe condition;

(8) Be responsible for the extermination of any insect, rodent, vermin or other pest dangerous to the health of the residents whenever infestation exists in the area of the park not the responsibility of the resident or in the area for which the resident is responsible including the mobile manufactured home if such infestation is not the fault of the resident and particularly if such infestation existed prior to the occupancy of the resident claiming relief;

(9) Maintain all mobile manufactured homes rented by the owner in a condition which is structurally sound and capable of withstanding adverse effects of weather conditions;

(10) Maintain all electrical, plumbing, gas or other utilities provided by him in good working condition except during any emergency after which any repair shall be completed within seventy-two hours unless good cause is shown as to why such repair has not been completed;

(11) Maintain all water and sewage lines and connections in good working order, and in the event of any emergency, make necessary arrangements for the provision of such service on a temporary basis;

(12) Arrange for the removal from waste receptacles of ashes, garbage, rubbish and other waste incidental to the occupancy of the dwelling unit;

(13) Maintain any road within the park in good condition, provide adequate space for parking of two cars for each lot except that any park which provided only one space for each lot on January 1, 1985, and which provided only one space for each lot on October 1, 1972, shall be exempt from such requirement, and be responsible for damage to any vehicle which is the direct result of any unrepaired or poorly maintained access road within the park;

(14) Respect the privacy of the resident and if only the space or lot is rented, agree to enter the mobile manufactured home only with the permission of the resident;

(15) Allow all residents freedom of choice in the purchase of all services pursuant to section 21-78;

(16) Allow a resident to terminate a rental agreement whenever a change in the location of such resident's employment requires a change in the location of his residence if such resident gives thirty days' notice; provided, a resident who is a member of the armed forces of the United States may terminate his rental agreement with less than notice of thirty days if he receives reassignment orders which do not allow such prior notification.

(b) At all times during the tenancy the resident shall:

(1) Comply with all obligations primarily imposed upon residents by applicable provisions of any building, housing or fire code materially affecting health and safety;

(2) Keep the unit and his area of responsibility as marked by the owner in a clean and sanitary condition, free of garbage and rubbish;

(3) Keep the supplied basic facilities including any plumbing fixture, cooking and refrigeration equipment and electrical fixtures in a rented mobile manufactured home unit in a clean and sanitary condition and exercise reasonable care in their proper use and operation;

(4) Dispose of any rubbish, garbage and other waste material in a clean and sanitary manner;

(5) Not wilfully or negligently destroy, deface, damage, impair or remove any part of the premises or permit any other person to do so;

(6) Observe all reasonable rules of the owner concerning the use, occupation and maintenance of the premises, provided such reasonable rules are brought to his attention at the time he signs a rental agreement;

(7) Unless otherwise agreed, occupy the dwelling unit only as a dwelling unit;

(8) Conduct himself and require other persons on the premises with his consent to conduct themselves in a manner that will not disturb his neighbors' peaceful enjoyment of the premises or constitute a nuisance, as defined in section 47a-32, or a serious nuisance, as defined in section 21-80;

(9) If judgment has entered against a member of the resident's household pursuant to subsection (c) of section 47a-26h for serious nuisance by using the premises for the illegal sale of drugs, not permit such person to resume occupancy of the dwelling unit, except with the consent of the owner.

(c) Rent is payable without demand or notice at the time and place agreed upon by the parties. Unless otherwise agreed, (1) rent is payable at the premises and (2) periodic rent is payable at the beginning of any term of one month or less and for terms of more than one month in equal monthly installments at the beginning of each month. In the absence of agreement, the resident shall pay the fair rental value for the use and occupancy of the premises.

(d) The terms for the payment of rent shall be clearly set forth and any charge for services, space or lot rent, unit rent or any other charge shall be specifically itemized in the rental agreement and in any billing to the resident by the owner. The total rent for the term of the rental agreement shall be stated therein.

(e) Reasonable rules for guest parking shall be clearly stated and unless violation thereof occurs, no fee shall be charged a resident or a guest.

(f) Any action on the part of the resident which may be grounds for eviction from the park or termination of the rental agreement shall be clearly and specifically stated therein.

(g) The right of the resident to sell his mobile manufactured home pursuant to section 21-79 shall be clearly stated in the rental agreement.

(h) If the owner makes an entry prohibited by subdivision (14) of subsection (a) of this section, or makes repeated demands for entry otherwise lawful but which have the effect of unreasonably harassing the resident, the resident may recover actual damages not less than an amount equal to one month's rent and reasonable attorney's fees. The resident may also obtain injunctive relief to prevent the recurrence of the conduct or terminate the rental agreement.

(i) If, during the term of a rental agreement, the resident removes his mobile manufactured home from a space or lot which he is renting, the owner shall make reasonable efforts to rent the space or lot at a fair rental in mitigation of damages. If the owner fails to use reasonable efforts to rent the space or lot at a fair rental, the rental agreement is deemed to be terminated by the owner as of the date the owner has notice of the abandonment.

(j) Acceptance of rent with the knowledge that such rent is overdue constitutes a waiver of the owner's right to terminate the rental agreement for the resident's failure to pay such rent when it was due.

(P.A. 74-333, S. 7, 12; P.A. 77-614, S. 253, 610; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 83-3, S. 15; P.A. 85-512, S. 2; P.A. 91-383, S. 7.)

History: P.A. 77-614 provided for the commissioner of consumer protection with advice and comments from the real estate commission to adopt regulations instead of the real estate commission to adopt such regulations, effective January 1, 1979; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 83-3 deleted reference to real estate commission and changed term “mobile home” to “mobile manufactured home”; P.A. 85-512 deleted provision requiring use of model rental agreement by park owners while retaining list of required provisions for each rental agreement; P.A. 91-383 amended Subsec. (a) by inserting a new Subdiv. (1) re duty to comply with state building code, fire safety code and applicable state and local laws, regulations and ordinances affecting health and safety, a new Subdiv. (6) re duty to make repairs and keep park in a fit and habitable condition, a new Subdiv. (7) re duty to keep all common areas in a clean and safe condition and a new Subdiv. (12) re duty to remove waste, redesignating former Subdiv. (12) re duty to maintain roads and provide parking as Subdiv. (13), renumbering the remaining Subdivs. accordingly, and deleting from renumbered Subdiv. (14) a provision re entry after notice to the resident of a mobile manufactured home which is the property of the owner, amended Subsec. (b) by inserting a new Subdiv. (1) re duty to comply with applicable provisions of building, housing or fire code materially affecting health and safety and a new Subdiv. (5) re duty not to destroy or damage the premises and renumbering the remaining Subdivs. accordingly, and added a new Subdiv. (7) re duty to occupy the dwelling unit only as a dwelling unit, a new Subdiv. (8) re duty to conduct oneself so as not to disturb neighbors or create a nuisance or serious nuisance and a new Subdiv. (9) re duty to not permit a person who has used the premises for the illegal sale of drugs to resume occupancy of the dwelling unit, inserted a new Subsec. (c) re time and place for payment of rent and relettered the remaining Subsecs. accordingly, and added Subsec. (h) re remedies of a resident for illegal entry by the owner, Subsec. (i) re owner's obligation to mitigate damages and Subsec. (j) re consequences of acceptance of overdue rent.

Cited. 178 C. 586.

Cited. 31 CA 575.

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Conn. Gen. Stat. § 21-85.

Sec. 21-85. Definitions. For the purposes of this chapter:

(1) “Mobile manufactured home” has the same meaning as provided in section 21-64;

(2) “Modular or prefabricated home” means the completely assembled and erected building or structure, including the service equipment, of which the structural parts consist of prefabricated individual units or subassemblies using ordinary or controlled materials, and in which the service equipment may be either prefabricated or at-site construction;

(3) “Prefabricated subassembly” means a built-up combination of several structural elements designed and fabricated as an assembled section of wall, ceiling, floor or roof to be incorporated into the structure by field erection of two or more such subassemblies;

(4) “Prefabricated unit” means a built-up section forming an individual structural element of the building, such as a beam, girder, plank, strut, column or truss, the integrated parts of which are prefabricated prior to incorporation into the structure, including the necessary means for erection and connection at the site to complete the structural frame;

(5) “Prefabricated unit service equipment” means a prefabricated assembly of mechanical units, fixtures and accessories comprising a complete service unit of mechanical equipment, including bathroom and kitchen plumbing assemblies, unit heating and air-conditioning systems and loop-wiring assemblies of electric circuits;

(6) “Prefabricated” means construction materials or assembled units fabricated prior to erection or installation in a building or structure; and

(7) “New” includes any unit not previously sold or occupied as a dwelling unit.

(P.A. 75-632, S. 1; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 83-3, S. 1; P.A. 14-122, S. 123.)

History: June Sp. Sess. P.A. 83-3 changed term “mobile home” to “mobile manufactured home”; P.A. 14-122 redesignated existing Subdivs. (a) to (g) as Subdivs. (1) to (7) and made technical changes.

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Conn. Gen. Stat. § 21-86.

Sec. 21-86. Manufacturer's warranty; waiver. No person shall sell at retail a new mobile manufactured home or a new modular or prefabricated home in this state without a written manufacturer's warranty to the buyer containing the following terms:

(1) That such home is free from any substantial defects in materials or workmanship in the structure, plumbing, heating and electrical systems and all appliances and other equipment installed or included therein or thereon by the manufacturer.

(2) That the seller or manufacturer shall take appropriate corrective action at the site of such home in instances of substantial defects in materials or workmanship which become evident within one year from the date of delivery of such home to the buyer, provided the buyer gives written notice of such defects to the seller, manufacturer or dealer at his business address as soon as such defects become evident. The warranty provided herein shall be in addition to and not in derogation of any other right or privilege which the buyer may have as otherwise provided by law or instrument. The seller or manufacturer shall not require the buyer to waive his rights under this chapter and any waiver shall be deemed contrary to public policy and shall be void and unenforceable. Any action instituted by a buyer for failure of the manufacturer to comply with the provisions of this chapter shall allow the recovery of court costs and reasonable attorney's fees.

(P.A. 75-632, S. 2; P.A. 14-122, S. 36.)

History: P.A. 14-122 made a technical change.

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Secs. 21-87 to 21-89. Reserved for future use.

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Conn. Gen. Stat. § 25-126.

Sec. 25-126. Definitions. For the purposes of this chapter:

(1) “Well” means an artificial excavation or opening in the ground, by which groundwater can be obtained or through which it flows under natural pressure or is artificially withdrawn;

(2) “Abandoned well” means a well whose use has been permanently discontinued;

(3) “Groundwater” means subsurface water;

(4) “Well drilling” means and includes the industry, procedure and all operations engaged in by any person, full time or part time, for compensation or otherwise, to obtain water from a well or wells by drilling, or other methods, for any purpose or use;

(5) “Well driller” means a person who engages in well drilling;

(6) “Person” includes an individual, partnership, corporation, limited liability company, association or organization, or any combination thereof;

(7) “Board” means the examining board for plumbing and piping work;

(8) “Water-supply well” means a well constructed for the purpose of obtaining or providing water for drinking or other domestic, industrial, commercial, agricultural or recreational use;

(9) “Non-water-supply well” means any well other than a water-supply well.

(1969, P.A. 659, S. 1; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-12, S. 30, 55; P.A. 95-79, S. 104, 189; P.A. 96-17, S. 1.)

History: June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-12 in Subdiv. (7) changed Connecticut well drilling board to examining board for plumbing and piping work; P.A. 95-79 redefined “person” to include a limited liability company, effective May 31, 1995; P.A. 96-17 added definitions of “water-supply well” and “non-water-supply well”.

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Conn. Gen. Stat. § 25-129.

Sec. 25-129. Certificate of registration. Insurance requirement. Limited contractor and limited journeyperson well casing extension certificates of registration. Regulations. (a) The Commissioner of Consumer Protection, with the advice and assistance of the board, shall establish the requirements of registration for well drilling contractors. Each person, before engaging in the business of well drilling or pump installing, shall obtain annually from the Department of Consumer Protection a certificate of registration as a well drilling contractor, using an application blank prepared by said department. Each application for issuance or renewal of a certificate of registration shall be accompanied by a certificate of liability coverage for bodily injury of at least one hundred thousand dollars per person with an aggregate of at least three hundred thousand dollars and for property damage of at least fifty thousand dollars per accident with an aggregate of at least one hundred thousand dollars. The applicant shall pay a registration fee of eighty-eight dollars with the application and an annual renewal registration fee of two hundred fifty dollars for renewals on and after April 1, 1984. A certificate of registration is not transferable and expires annually. A lost, destroyed or mutilated registration certificate may be replaced by a duplicate upon payment of a lost fee of fifteen dollars.

(b) A well drilling contractor shall place in a conspicuous location on both sides of his well drilling machine his registration number in letters not less than two inches high.

(c) A governmental unit engaged in water-supply well drilling shall be registered under this chapter, but shall be exempt from paying the registration fees. A governmental unit engaged in non-water-supply well drilling shall be exempt from the requirements for registration under this chapter if the drilling is done by regular employees of, and with equipment owned by, the unit and the work is on non-water-supply wells intended for use by the governmental unit.

(d) This chapter shall not restrict a plumber or electrician from engaging in the trade for which he has been licensed.

(e) (1) A certificate of registration may be refused, or a certificate of registration duly issued may be suspended or revoked, or the renewal thereof refused by the board if said board has good and sufficient reason to believe or finds that the applicant for or the holder of such a certificate has: (A) Made a material misstatement in the application for a registration of any application for renewal thereof; or (B) obtained the registration through wilful fraud or misrepresentation; or (C) demonstrated gross incompetency to act as a well driller; or (D) been guilty of failure to comply with the provisions of this chapter or the State Well Drilling Code, as from time to time amended; or (E) refused to file reports of wells drilled as required by subsection (a) of section 25-131; or (F) been found guilty by the board, the Commissioner of Public Health or by a court of competent jurisdiction, of any fraud, deceit, gross negligence, incompetency or misconduct in the industry, operations or business of well drilling.

(2) Before any certificate of registration shall be refused, suspended or revoked, or the renewal thereof refused, the board shall give notice of the intended action and afford opportunity for hearing in accordance with regulations adopted pursuant to this chapter.

(3) Appeal from the decisions of the board may be taken in accordance with the provisions of section 4-183.

(4) After one year from the date of refusal or revocation of a registration, application to register may be made again by the person affected.

(f) The department shall prepare a roster of all registered well drillers and distribute it annually to the local director of health or his agent and the building inspector, if there is one, of each town. The posting of such roster on the Department of Consumer Protection's Internet web site shall constitute compliance with the requirements of this section.

(g) The Commissioner of Consumer Protection, with the advice and assistance of the board, shall adopt regulations, in accordance with the provisions of chapter 54, to establish certificates of registration for limited contractor and limited journeyperson well casing extension. Such certificates of registration shall permit persons licensed to perform plumbing and piping work pursuant to chapter 393 to perform well casing extension, repair and maintenance work. Upon initial application, an applicant shall demonstrate knowledge of well casing extension, repair and maintenance work by passing an examination subject to the provisions of section 20-333. The applicant shall pay a registration fee of fifty dollars upon initial application and an annual renewal registration fee of fifty dollars. A certificate of registration under this subsection is nontransferable and expires annually.

(1969, P.A. 659, S. 4; P.A. 76-436, S. 600, 681; P.A. 77-603, S. 110, 125; 77-614, S. 181, 182, 323, 610; P.A. 80-205, S. 4, 6; P.A. 81-361, S. 38, 39; P.A. 82-431, S. 2, 6; 82-472, S. 99, 183; P.A. 83-574, S. 18, 20; P.A. 89-251, S. 159, 203; P.A. 93-381, S. 9, 39; P.A. 94-36, S. 37, 42; May 25 Sp. Sess. P.A. 94-1, S. 27, 130; P.A. 95-257, S. 12, 21, 58; P.A. 96-17, S. 3; P.A. 03-68, S. 1; June 30 Sp. Sess. P.A. 03-6, S. 146(c), (d), (h); P.A. 04-169, S. 17; 04-189, S. 1; P.A. 07-217, S. 122; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 09-3, S. 302; P.A. 10-9, S. 5; P.A. 13-196, S. 5.)

History: P.A. 76-436 replaced court of common pleas with superior court and added reference to judicial districts, effective July 1, 1978; P.A. 77-603 replaced previous appeal provisions with requirement that appeals be made in accordance with Sec. 4-183; P.A. 77-614 transferred responsibility for establishing registration requirements from board to consumer protection commissioner, retaining board in advisory capacity, deleted detailed hearing procedure in Subsec. (e), requiring instead that notice be given of intended action and that opportunity for hearing be given in accordance with regulations established by commissioner, replaced previous appeal provision with requirement that appeals be made in accordance with Sec. 4-183 and replaced commissioner of health with commissioner of health services, effective January 1, 1979; P.A. 80-205 deleted August first as deadline for distribution of roster and deleted requirement that roster be distributed to town clerk in Subsec. (f); P.A. 81-361 amended Subsecs. (a) and (b) to provide that registration certificates are obtained from the department instead of the board, that application blanks are to be prepared by the department and that the department, not the board, furnishes seals for certificates; P.A. 82-431 eliminated regulations relating to proficiency and financial resources required for registration, imposed certificate of insurance requirement, increased renewal fee from $25 to $100, provided for renewal in holder's birth month commencing January 1, 1983 and transferred duty to prepare roster from the board to the department; P.A. 82-472 made a technical correction in Subsec. (a); P.A. 83-574 amended section to provide for $25 renewal fee for renewals prior to April 1, 1984, and $100 fee on and after that date, effective July 8, 1983, and applicable to registration renewed on or after January 1, 1983; P.A. 89-251 amended Subsec. (a) to increase the registration fee from $35 to $44, to increase the renewal fee from $100 to $125, to increase the late fee from $10 to $13, to increase the replacement fee and fee for additional seals from $2 to $3; P.A. 93-381 replaced commissioner of health services with commissioner of public health and addiction services, effective July 1, 1993; P.A. 94-36 deleted the reference to the “April thirtieth” certificate of registration expiration date and the provision allowing late renewal of certificate of registration fees in Subsec. (a), effective January 1, 1995; May 25 Sp. Sess. P.A. 94-1 amended Subsec. (a) by making technical change, effective July 1, 1994; P.A. 95-257 replaced Commissioner and Department of Public Health and Addiction Services with Commissioner and Department of Public Health, effective July 1, 1995; P.A. 96-17 amended Subsec. (b) to change “Connecticut registered water well drilling contractor” to “Connecticut registered well drilling contractor” and amended Subsec. (c) to replace reference to “municipal unit” with “governmental unit” and to exempt non-water-supply well drilling by such units from the requirements of this chapter; P.A. 03-68 added new Subsec. (g) re certificates of registration for limited contractor and limited journeyperson well casing extension, effective July 1, 2003; June 30 Sp. Sess. P.A. 03-6 and P.A. 04-169 replaced Commissioner and Department of Consumer Protection with Commissioner and Department of Agriculture and Consumer Protection, effective July 1, 2004; P.A. 04-189 repealed Sec. 146 of June 30 Sp. Sess. P.A. 03-6, thereby reversing the merger of the Departments of Agriculture and Consumer Protection, effective June 1, 2004; P.A. 07-217 made technical changes in Subsec. (a), effective July 12, 2007; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 09-3 amended Subsecs. (a) and (g) to increase fees; P.A. 10-9 amended Subsec. (a) to delete provisions requiring 1 seal to be issued to each registrant and re $3 fee for additional seals and amended Subsec. (b) to delete requirement re seal to be affixed adjacent to registration number, effective May 5, 2010; P.A. 13-196 amended Subsec. (f) to add provision re posting of roster on department's web site to constitute compliance with requirements of section, effective June 21, 2013.

See Sec. 21a-4(c) re fines for late registration renewals.

See Sec. 21a-10(b) re staggered schedule for registration renewals.

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Conn. Gen. Stat. § 29-251.

Sec. 29-251. (Formerly Sec. 19-395f). Codes and Standards Committee; duties; membership. There shall be within the Department of Administrative Services a Codes and Standards Committee whose duty it shall be to work with the State Building Inspector in the enforcement of this part and the State Fire Marshal in the enforcement of part II of this chapter as set forth in this section. The committee shall be composed of twenty-three members, residents of the state, appointed by the Commissioner of Administrative Services as follows: (1) Two shall be architects licensed in the state of Connecticut; (2) three shall be professional engineers licensed in the state of Connecticut, two of whom shall practice either structural, mechanical or electrical engineering but in no event shall both of such members represent the same specialty, and one of whom shall be a practicing fire protection engineer or mechanical engineer with extensive experience in fire protection; (3) four shall be builders, remodelers or superintendents of construction, one of whom shall have expertise in single-family detached residential construction, one of whom shall have expertise in multifamily residential construction, one of whom shall have expertise in residential remodeling and one of whom shall have expertise in commercial construction; (4) one shall be a public health official; (5) two shall be building officials; (6) two shall be local fire marshals; (7) one shall be a Connecticut member of a national building trades labor organization; (8) one shall have expertise in matters relating to energy efficiency; (9) four shall be public members, one of whom shall have expertise in matters relating to accessibility and use of facilities by persons with physical disabilities; (10) one shall be a contractor licensed to perform electrical work or a member of a state-wide electrical trades labor organization; (11) one shall be a contractor licensed to perform plumbing and piping work or a member of a state-wide plumbing trades labor organization; and (12) one shall be a contractor licensed to perform heating, piping and cooling work or a member of a state-wide heating and cooling trades labor organization. Each member, other than the public members, shall have had not less than ten years' practical experience in such member's profession or business. The committee shall adopt regulations, in accordance with the provisions of chapter 54, governing the procedure of the committee. Members who fail to attend three consecutive meetings or fifty per cent of all meetings during a calendar year shall be deemed to have resigned. The committee may, within the limits of appropriations provided therefor, employ such assistants as may be necessary to conduct its business.

(1969, P.A. 443, S. 2; P.A. 77-614, S. 496, 610; P.A. 78-303, S. 17, 136; P.A. 79-560, S. 6, 39; P.A. 80-483, S. 81, 186; P.A. 82-432, S. 5, 19; P.A. 87-51; 87-108; P.A. 88-137; P.A. 89-144, S. 12; P.A. 97-308, S. 4; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 98-1, S. 58, 121; P.A. 09-192, S. 2; P.A. 11-51, S. 90; P.A. 13-146, S. 1; 13-247, S. 200; P.A. 17-96, S. 24; P.A. 24-71, S. 1.)

History: P.A. 77-614 replaced department and commissioner of public works with department and commissioner of public safety, deleted provision re appointment for three-year terms, reduced architect, engineer and builder membership by one representative in each category and held these memberships for public members and deleted provision re committee's election of chairman, effective January 1, 1979; P.A. 78-303 replaced department and commissioner of public works with department and commissioner of administrative services for period between June 6, 1978 and January 1, 1979; P.A. 79-560 cleared confusion re power to appoint members by deleting reference to appointments by state fire marshal and specified that engineer members practice one of listed specialties but prohibited both from practicing same specialty; P.A. 80-483 made technical changes; P.A. 82-432 changed committee name from “state building code standards” to “codes and standards” committee, increased membership from 9 to 14, adding one professional engineer, one building official, one public member and two local fire marshals, required that one engineer member be a practicing fire protection engineer and specified when failure to attend meeting is deemed to be resignation; Sec. 19-395f transferred to Sec. 29-251 in 1983; P.A. 87-51 required the committee to work with the state fire marshal in enforcing part II of this chapter and permitted the appointment of a mechanical engineer with experience in fire protection; P.A. 87-108 increased membership of codes and standards committee from 14 to 15, adding one public member who shall have expertise in handicapped accessibility matters; P.A. 88-137 increased membership from 15 to 17, adding another licensed architect and a laborer in building construction; P.A. 89-144 substituted the office of protection and advocacy for persons with disabilities for the office of protection and advocacy for handicapped and developmentally disabled persons; P.A. 97-308 increased membership of builders or superintendents by one and specified their expertise in type of construction, substituted member of a national building trades labor organization for a laborer and reduced public members from five to four; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 98-1 specified that regulations re committee procedures shall be adopted in accordance with the provisions of chapter 54, effective June 24, 1998; P.A. 09-192 increased committee's membership to 18, added Subdiv. designators (1) to (9), required member with energy efficiency expertise in Subdiv. (8), and made technical changes, effective July 8, 2009; pursuant to P.A. 11-51, “Commissioner of Public Safety” and “Department of Public Safety” were changed editorially by the Revisors to “Commissioner of Construction Services” and “Department of Construction Services”, respectively, effective July 1, 2011; P.A. 13-146 increased membership of committee from 18 to 21 and added Subdiv. (10) re licensed electrical work contractor or member of electrical trades labor organization, Subdiv. (11) re licensed plumbing and piping work contractor or member of plumbing trades labor organization and Subdiv. (12) re licensed heating, piping and cooling work contractor or member of heating and cooling trades labor organization; pursuant to P.A. 13-247, “Commissioner of Construction Services” and “Department of Construction Services” were changed editorially by the Revisors to “Commissioner of Administrative Services” and “Department of Administrative Services”, respectively, effective July 1, 2013; P.A. 17-96 amended Subdiv. (9) to delete provision re selection from list of names submitted by Office of Protection and Advocacy for Persons with Disabilities and, to replace reference to physically disabled with reference to persons with physical disabilities, effective July 1, 2017; P.A. 24-71 increased membership of committee from 21 to 23 by revising requirements for membership in Subdiv. (3) including by adding reference to remodelers, and made a technical change, effective May 30, 2024.

See Sec. 4-9a for definition of “public member”.

Cited. 18 CA 40.

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Conn. Gen. Stat. § 33-221.

Sec. 33-221. Powers. A cooperative shall have power, subject to the limitations of section 33-219: (a) To sue and be sued in its corporate name; (b) to have perpetual existence; (c) to adopt a corporate seal and alter the same; (d) to generate, manufacture, purchase, acquire, accumulate and transmit electric energy, and to distribute, sell, supply and dispose of electric energy to its members, and to other persons not in excess of ten per cent of the number of its members pursuant to applicable federal law and regulations adopted thereunder, provided the furnishing by a cooperative of electric cold storage or processing plant service shall not be deemed to be distributing, selling, supplying or disposing of electric energy; (e) to assist persons to whom electric energy is or will be supplied by the cooperative in wiring their premises and in acquiring and installing electrical appliances, equipment, fixtures, apparatus and energy conservation and renewable energy systems and equipment, by the financing thereof or otherwise, and, in connection therewith, to wire, or cause to be wired, such premises and to purchase, acquire, lease as lessor or lessee, sell, distribute, install and repair such electric appliances, equipment, fixtures, apparatus and energy conservation and renewable energy systems and equipment; (f) to assist persons to whom electric energy is or will be supplied by the cooperative in constructing, equipping, maintaining and operating electric cold storage or processing plants, by the financing thereof or otherwise; (g) to construct, purchase, lease as lessee, or otherwise acquire, and to equip, maintain and operate, and to sell, assign, convey, lease as lessor, mortgage, pledge or otherwise dispose of or encumber, electric transmission and distribution lines or systems, electric generating plants, electric cold storage or processing plants, lands, buildings, structures, dams, plants and equipment, and any other real property or tangible or intangible personal property which shall be deemed necessary, convenient or appropriate to accomplish the purpose stated in section 33-219; (h) to borrow money and otherwise contract indebtedness, and to issue notes, bonds and other evidences of indebtedness, and to secure the payment thereof by mortgage, pledge or deed of trust of, or any other encumbrance upon, any or all of its then owned or after-acquired real or personal property, assets, franchises, revenues or income; (i) to construct, maintain and operate electric transmission and distribution lines along, upon, under and across publicly owned lands and public thoroughfares, including, without limitation, all roads, highways, streets, alleys, bridges and causeways, subject to the provisions of all laws regulating the use of highways by electric distribution companies, provided no standards in excess of standards provided in the National Electric Safety Code shall be required; (j) to exercise the power of eminent domain in the manner provided by the general statutes for the exercise of such power by other corporations constructing or operating electric transmission and distribution lines or systems; (k) to petition the Public Utilities Regulatory Authority to issue an order under section 16-243c; (l) to conduct its business and exercise its powers within or without this state; (m) to adopt, amend and repeal bylaws; and (n) to do and perform any other acts and things, and to have and exercise any other powers, which may be necessary, convenient or appropriate to accomplish the purpose for which the cooperative is organized.

(1949 Rev., S. 5329; P.A. 81-439, S. 9, 14; P.A. 98-28, S. 67, 117; P.A. 11-80, S. 1; P.A. 14-134, S. 115.)

History: P.A. 81-439 authorized cooperatives to assist persons in acquiring and installing energy conservation and renewable energy systems and equipment, inserted new Subdiv. (k), authorizing cooperatives to petition department for an order under Sec. 16-243c and relettered former Subdivs. (k) to (m) accordingly; P.A. 98-28 amended Subdiv. (d) by adding “pursuant to applicable federal law and regulations adopted thereunder” and deleted references to plumbing, effective July 1, 1998; pursuant to P.A. 11-80, “Department of Public Utility Control” was changed editorially by the Revisors to “Public Utilities Regulatory Authority” in Subdiv. (k), effective July 1, 2011; P.A. 14-134 replaced reference to electric companies with reference to electric distribution companies, effective June 6, 2014.

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Conn. Gen. Stat. § 47-65.

Sec. 47-65. Management of reservations and residents thereon. Adoption of regulations. Governor designated administrative agent. (a) The Commissioner of Energy and Environmental Protection with the advice of the Indian Affairs Council shall have the care and management of reservation lands. The commissioner and the council shall establish the boundaries of such reservations by land survey and shall file a map of the same in the land records of the appropriate towns.

(b) All reservation buildings not privately owned shall be subject to the care and management of the Commissioner of Energy and Environmental Protection. The commissioner with the advice of the Indian Affairs Council shall, upon the petition of the resident, make major repairs and improvements to the exterior of any such building and its heating, water, electric, sewage disposal and plumbing systems as are necessary to insure habitable living conditions. The resident of any building shall assume responsibility for the interior maintenance of floors, walls and ceilings and minor maintenance of the building and its heating, water, electric, sewage disposal and plumbing systems, provided the commissioner shall supply necessary materials for such systems.

(c) The council may, upon petition of an Indian resident without sufficient means to support himself, provide assistance in an amount necessary to maintain a standard of living in the home compatible with the well-being of the resident. The council shall provide other services as it deems necessary to insure the well-being of all persons residing on the reservations.

(d) The commissioner and the council may adopt and amend regulations pursuant to chapter 54 to carry out the provisions of subsections (a) and (b) of this section. The council shall adopt regulations which prescribe eligibility standards for assistance and services under subsection (c) of this section.

(e) The Governor is hereby designated the administrative agent of the state to apply for any funds or other aid, cooperate and enter into contracts and agreements with the federal government, the Indian Housing Authority or any other appropriate state or local agency for the purpose of providing necessary services to housing projects to be located on Indian reservations within the state of Connecticut or for any other purpose which the Congress of the United States or the General Assembly has authorized or may authorize for expenditures compatible with the services provided for in this chapter. The Governor is authorized in the name of the state to make all applications, sign all documents, give assurances and do all other things necessary to carry out the provisions of this chapter.

(1961, P.A. 304, S. 4; P.A. 73-660, S. 4, 11; P.A. 76-97, S. 1, 2; P.A. 78-40, S. 1, 2; P.A. 11-80, S. 1.)

History: P.A. 73-660 transferred duties of welfare commissioner re care of land, buildings, boundaries and regulations to insure health, safety and well-being to commissioner of environmental protection and Indian Affairs Council, deleting provisions re welfare commissioner's past duties to assist needy Indians, repair and improve buildings, to admit and evict residents, etc.; P.A. 76-97 limited duties of commissioner and council to reservation lands, abolishing their powers re “care and management” of persons, etc. and added Subsecs. (b) to (d) clarifying general statements of prior provisions; P.A. 78-40 added Subsec. (e) re governor's role in obtaining federal assistance for housing projects on reservations; pursuant to P.A. 11-80, “Commissioner of Environmental Protection” was changed editorially by the Revisors to “Commissioner of Energy and Environmental Protection” in Subsecs. (a) and (b), effective July 1, 2011.

Cited. 180 C. 474; 217 C. 612.

Preempted and rendered invalid by federal law. 22 CA 229; judgment reversed, see 217 C. 612.

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Conn. Gen. Stat. § 51-348.

Sec. 51-348. Geographical areas. Venue. Courthouse use. Venue for action pertaining to violation of state or municipal code. Hearing of infractions and violations by magistrate. (a) The geographical areas of the Court of Common Pleas established pursuant to section 51-156a, revised to 1975, shall be the geographical areas of the Superior Court on July 1, 1978. The Chief Court Administrator may alter the boundary of any geographical area to provide for a new geographical area provided each geographical area so altered or so authorized shall remain solely within the boundary of a single judicial district.

(b) Such geographical areas shall serve for purposes of establishing venue for the following matters: (1) The presentment of defendants in motor vehicle matters, except as provided in subsection (e) of this section; (2) the arraignment of defendants in criminal matters; and (3) such other matters as the judges of the Superior Court may determine by rule.

(c) For the prompt and proper administration of judicial business, any matter and any trial can be heard in any courthouse within a judicial district, at the discretion of the Chief Court Administrator, if the use of such courthouse for such matter or trial is convenient to litigants and their counsel and is a practical use of judicial personnel and facilities, except juvenile matters may be heard as provided in section 46b-122. Whenever practicable family relations matters shall be heard in facilities most convenient to the litigants.

(d) In any judicial district in which housing matters are heard on a separate docket under section 51-348b, venue for an action pertaining to one or more violations of any state or municipal health, housing, building, electrical, plumbing, fire or sanitation code, including violations occurring in commercial properties, or of any other statute, ordinance or regulation concerned with the health, safety or welfare of any occupant of any housing shall be in the housing session for the judicial district, except that venue for such an action concerning premises located in Milford, Orange or West Haven shall be in the judicial district of New Haven. In all other judicial districts, venue for such actions, if placed on the criminal docket, shall be in the geographical area where the premises are located.

(e) Venue for infractions and violations that may be heard and decided by a magistrate pursuant to section 51-193u shall be at Superior Court facilities designated by the Chief Court Administrator to hear such matters.

(f) In any other matter, an action shall be made returnable to the geographical area as is prescribed by statute.

(P.A. 76-436, S. 10a, 671, 681; P.A. 77-576, S. 7, 65; P.A. 78-365, S. 5, 13; 78-379, S. 17, 27; P.A. 79-631, S. 10, 111; P.A. 80-448, S. 6, 8; P.A. 81-419, S. 9; P.A. 82-461, S. 7; P.A. 86-359, S. 41, 44; P.A. 88-230, S. 11, 12; P.A. 89-141, S. 5–7; P.A. 90-98, S. 1, 2; P.A. 93-142, S. 7, 8; P.A. 95-220, S. 4–6; P.A. 97-40, S. 15, 16, 18; P.A. 99-215, S. 8; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 01-9, S. 60, 131; P.A. 02-132, S. 76; P.A. 14-207, S. 5; P.A. 17-99, S. 15; P.A. 24-108, S. 18.)

History: P.A. 77-576 included housing matters in Subsec. (b), deleted references to counties and deleted provision whereby chief court administrator was empowered to designate courthouses to which jurors originally summoned, effective July 1, 1978; P.A. 78-365 deleted former Subsec. (b)(7) re landlord and tenant matters and summary process, renumbering Subdiv. (8) accordingly and added provisions re housing matters in Subsec. (c); P.A. 78-379 authorized chief court administrator to alter geographical area boundaries in Subsec. (a) and substituted reference to Sec. 51-303 for reference to Sec. 51-301 in Subsec. (c); P.A. 79-631 substituted Sec. 47a-68 for Sec. 47a-43 in Subsec. (b)(6); P.A. 80-448 substituted Sec. 47a-68 for Sec. 47a-43 in Subsec. (c) and deleted provision which limited existence of separate docket for housing matters to 18 months commencing January 1, 1979; P.A. 81-419 amended Subsec. (b) to provide that venue for housing matters in the judicial district of New Haven shall be in the judicial district, and amended Subsec. (c) to provide that housing matters in the judicial district of New Haven shall be heard on a separate docket; P.A. 82-461 amended Subsec. (b) by providing that for housing matters in the Fairfield, Waterbury and Stamford-Norwalk judicial districts, venue shall be in the judicial district, and in the Ansonia-Milford judicial district venue shall be in the geographical area unless the plaintiff requests a change to the New Haven or Waterbury judicial district, and amended Subsec. (c) by providing that housing matters in the Fairfield, Waterbury and Stamford-Norwalk judicial districts be heard on a separate docket and that the judges assigned to hear housing matters in the New Haven and Fairfield judicial districts hear housing matters in the Waterbury and Stamford-Norwalk judicial districts, respectively; P.A. 86-359 amended Subsec. (b) by deleting “paternity matters” and “support matters” from matters subject to geographical areas for establishment of venue; P.A. 88-230 amended Subsecs. (a) and (b) to reflect division of the judicial district of Hartford-New Britain into the separate judicial districts of Hartford and of New Britain, and amended Subsec. (b) to add provision that in the judicial district of New Britain housing matters shall be heard by the judge assigned to hear housing matters in the judicial district of Hartford, effective September 1, 1991; P.A. 89-141 amended Subsec. (b) to provide that venue for housing matters when the premises are located in the town of Milford, Orange or West Haven shall be in the New Haven judicial district; P.A. 90-98 changed the effective date of P.A. 88-230 from September 1, 1991, to September 1, 1993; P.A. 93-142 changed the effective date of P.A. 88-230 from September 1, 1993, to September 1, 1996, effective June 14, 1993; P.A. 95-220 changed the effective date of P.A. 88-230 from September 1, 1996, to September 1, 1998, effective July 1, 1995; P.A. 97-40 amended Subsec. (b) by deleting reference to small claims matters, effective September 1, 1997; P.A. 99-215 amended Subsec. (b) by adding judicial districts of Middlesex and Tolland to exception in Subdiv. (3)(A); June Sp. Sess. P.A. 01-9 amended Subsec. (b)(1) to add exception re venue for motor vehicle matters and added new Subsec. (d) specifying that venue for motor vehicle matters shall be at Superior Court facilities designated by the Chief Court Administrator to hear such matters, effective July 1, 2001; P.A. 02-132 amended Subsec. (d) by replacing “motor vehicle matters” with “infractions and violations that may be heard and decided by a magistrate pursuant to section 51-193u”, effective June 7, 2002; P.A. 14-207 amended Subsec. (b)(3)(A) by adding to housing matters exception “and in any other judicial district for which the Chief Court Administrator determines that the prompt and proper administration of judicial business requires that venue for housing matters be in the judicial district”; P.A. 17-99 amended Subsec. (b) by deleting Subdiv. (3) re venue for housing matters, redesignated existing Subdiv. (4) as Subdiv. (3), amended Subsec. (c) by deleting provision re housing matters to be heard on separate docket within certain judicial districts, added new Subsec. (d) re venue for action pertaining to violation of state or municipal code, redesignated existing Subsec. (d) as Subsec. (e), added Subsec. (f) re action in any other matter returnable to geographical area as prescribed by statute, and made technical and conforming changes, effective June 30, 2017; P.A. 24-108 amended Subsec. (a) by deleting “, after consultation with the judges of the Superior Court,” re establishment of geographical areas of Superior Court by Chief Court Administrator and made a technical change, effective June 4, 2024.

Cited. 36 CS 47; 39 CS 347.

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Conn. Gen. Stat. § 52-550.

Sec. 52-550. Statute of frauds; written agreement or memorandum. (a) No civil action may be maintained in the following cases unless the agreement, or a memorandum of the agreement, is made in writing and signed by the party, or the agent of the party, to be charged: (1) Upon any agreement to charge any executor or administrator, upon a special promise to answer damages out of his own property; (2) against any person upon any special promise to answer for the debt, default or miscarriage of another; (3) upon any agreement made upon consideration of marriage; (4) upon any agreement for the sale of real property or any interest in or concerning real property; (5) upon any agreement that is not to be performed within one year from the making thereof; or (6) upon any agreement for a loan in an amount which exceeds fifty thousand dollars.

(b) This section shall not apply to parol agreements for hiring or leasing real property, or any interest therein, for one year or less, in pursuance of which the leased premises have been or are actually occupied by the lessee, or any person claiming under him, during any part of the term.

(1949 Rev., S. 8293; P.A. 82-160, S. 218; P.A. 89-338, S. 3; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-11, S. 39, 70.)

History: P.A. 82-160 replaced “estate” with “property”, rephrased the section and inserted Subsec. indicators; P.A. 89-338 added Subsec. (a)(6) re an agreement for a loan in an amount which exceeds $50,000; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-11 made a technical change in Subsec. (a).

In general. The contract, if within statute, is not void, but the remedy only is denied. 23 C. 17; 36 C. 45; 81 C. 438; 110 C. 395. Advantage can be taken of statute under general denial; Practice Book, Sec. 116; 121 C. 403; but not upon demurrer. 2 R. 146. Demurrer permissible when from pleadings it appears impossible to offer competent evidence of necessary memorandum. 83 C. 120; 114 C. 542. Fraud will take case out of statute. 2 R. 163; 50 C. 491. A beneficial statute and not to be narrowed by rigid construction. 15 C. 403. Consideration is necessary whether promise is within statute or not. 22 C. 321; 31 C. 102. But consideration need not be expressed in the writing. 6 C. 87; 8 C. 10. A contract within statute, while executory, is of no legal effect. 25 C. 191. “Special promise” is actual, not one implied by law. 1 R. 150; 6 C. 85. Oral acceptance of bill of exchange is not a “special promise.” 46 C. 91. Parol proof of special contract of endorser of nonnegotiable note is admissible; but not to prove a mere collateral suretyship. 16 C. 234. If executed on one side, contract is thereby taken out of statute. 7 C. 226. Buildings, crops and earth itself, sold as separate from land, are personal property. 19 C. 165; 88 C. 3. Right to erect building upon land is an “interest” therein. 25 C. 240. The contracting vendor, as well as the vendee, is entitled to specific performance. 58 C. 21. Statute does not extend to trusts arising by operation of law. 59 C. 196. Plaintiff cannot rectify writing by oral testimony and then enforce the contract as thus rectified; but defendant may stand upon the writing simply in defense. 19 C. 73. There can be no recovery at law for the breach of a contract within statute. 18 C. 231. In equity, plaintiff may prove the oral agreement to show fraud, actual or constructive. 60 C. 54. Contract in statute cannot be used in defense. 80 C. 267, but see 83 C. 37. It may be used to show that services performed were not intended to be gratuitous. 83 C. 37; 101 C. 58. Memo may be typewritten and signed with rubber stamp. 73 C. 346. Letter saying that lease referred to is “all right” sufficient. 75 C. 679. Several writings may be connected by mutual reference. 76 C. 229. Record of vote of corporation signed by secretary held sufficient. 72 C. 66. Oral evidence is admissible to explain words or identify papers referred to; memo need not be intended for other party. 83 C. 120; 87 C. 90. If agreement is made with agent, subject to principal's approval, approval must be shown in writing. 83 C. 120. Modifications of contract must be in writing. 82 C. 297. Statute regards promises, not their consideration. 83 C. 688. Letter referring to prior oral agreement and agreement to be construed together. 85 C. 421. Use of contract as evidence, not as basis of action. 87 C. 80. Printed signature may suffice; its position on the paper does not matter. 91 C. 29. When demurrer lies to complaint setting out written memo. 83 C. 120. Memo must show all terms of agreement; 81 C. 575; and be signed by all concerned. 83 C. 120. Action for damages does not lie on contract within statute. 91 C. 29; 92 C. 416. Estoppel to set up statute. Id.; 124 C. 512. Equity cannot reform contract and then enforce it. 95 C. 211; 103 C. 297. But where defendant induces plaintiff to spend money in reliance on former's promise of parol lease, plaintiff may recover for amount so spent even though lease was within statute. 97 C. 533. Whether agreement restricting use of land creates an interest in land. 106 C. 246. One who has rendered services under an unenforceable agreement to receive compensation by devise of land may sue for the services rendered. 116 C. 111. Statute does not prevent proof of oral agreement modifying written contract when fully performed. 121 C. 186. Later oral contract, modifying instrument within statute, is not enforceable unless a complete contract and not within statute. 129 C. 682. Parol evidence admissible to prove inducement to enter into contract by misrepresentation of material facts. 145 C. 694. Defense of statute of frauds may be raised by demurrer. 148 C. 153. Need not be specially pleaded. 150 C. 8. Cited. 150 C. 481. Even if enforcement is precluded by statute, recovery can be had under quasi-contract. Id., 680. Unless there existed written memorandum satisfying requirements of statute of frauds, evidence indicating agreement is not legally sufficient to support court's conclusion that such agreement did exist. 159 C. 453. Oral agreements concerning interest in land are unenforceable. 164 C. 56. Conveyance of property held to be full performance by one party to contract so as to take that contract out of state of frauds regarding individual liability of party conveying property. 169 C. 389; 172 C. 210; 174 C. 535; 176 C. 442; 177 C. 22. A description of property in a listing agreement need not be as definite as in a contract for sale of land since contract employing a broker to sell land is not within statute of frauds. Id., 515. Cited. Id., 569; 178 C. 1; Id., 215; 179 C. 704. Lower court in error in allowing possible impact of unessential terms to invalidate a written memorandum that states essential terms with reasonable certainty. 181 C. 434. Cited. 182 C. 193; Id., 448; 184 C. 228; 185 C. 47; Id., 328; Id., 463; 186 C. 86; 188 C. 1; 190 C. 481; 197 C. 101; 200 C. 713; 201 C. 570; 202 C. 190; Id., 566; 204 C. 303; 207 C. 555; 208 C. 352; 214 C. 641; 215 C. 316; 216 C. 509; 218 C. 512; 232 C. 294; 237 C. 123. Trial court improperly instructed jury on statute of frauds when it instructed jury that it could find that an exception to statute of frauds applied if it found that plaintiffs had proved either part performance of contract or detrimental reliance induced by defendant; although this court has occasionally used the terms interchangeably, it never intended that doctrines of equitable estoppel and of part performance operate as independent exceptions to statute of frauds; part performance is an essential element of the estoppel exception to statute of frauds. 274 C. 33. Statute of frauds, which governs disputes between parties to a contract, not applicable to case involving oral lease agreement because it did not involve a “contractual dispute”. 278 C. 660. Re action for specific performance on option to purchase real property where no written agreement existed for purchase price because cost of environmental remediation had not been determined, part performance of parties did not remove option from statute of frauds and did not provide remedy for specific performance. 293 C. 287.

Cited. 1 CA 566; Id., 634; 3 CA 34; 4 CA 46; 5 CA 358; Id., 394; 6 CA 595; 11 CA 375; Id., 439; 13 CA 677; 16 CA 240; 18 CA 581; 20 CA 58; 23 CA 522; 26 CA 305; 28 CA 739; 33 CA 662; 35 CA 31; 38 CA 420; Id., 772; 40 CA 261; 42 CA 413; Id., 712; 44 CA 402. Court rejected argument that partial payment of contract price is an act of part performance making contract enforceable regardless of statute of frauds; trial court's finding that contract satisfied statute of frauds was not clearly erroneous where trial court found that description of the land had been made sufficiently definite through reference to two contracts, a map attached to the contract, other maps and descriptions, plus testimony placed in evidence at trial. 49 CA 751. Statute of frauds requires that any modification to the note and mortgage be in writing. 62 CA 138.

Contract for sale of land not specific as to subsequent lien, void. 30 CS 30. Cited. 34 CS 107; Id., 620; 35 CS 24; 37 CS 27; Id., 579; Id., 698; 39 CS 95. Compliance with statute of frauds discussed. 41 CS 545.

In oral contract for sale of two building lots, plaintiff buyer could recover money held in escrow by attorney upon basis it would be unjust enrichment if defendant could retain it when conditions of escrow were not met. 5 Conn. Cir. Ct. 687. Statute of frauds is not good defense if promise was an original undertaking. 6 Conn. Cir. Ct. 112, 117. Oral contract for $1,000 to induce third person to sell land is not within statute of frauds, since subject matter of contract is not land or any interest therein. Id., 488.

Nature and requisites of memorandum. Advertisement of terms of sale, etc., held sufficient as against vendor. K. 15. Letter explaining purpose of deed, held sufficient memo of contract. 1 R. 171. Consideration need not be expressed in writing. 6 C. 87; 8 C. 10. Must contain subject matter, terms and names of parties. 10 C. 198; 108 C. 687. Must disclose name of vendor. 10 C. 199; 56 C. 105. What description of subject matter is sufficient. 10 C. 199. Written vote of corporation, held a sufficient memorandum. 26 C. 109; 72 C. 66. Assumption of firm debts by succeeding corporation, held valid. 26 C. 109. Whether the acceptance of a deed poll may not be a sufficient compliance with statute, quaere. 36 C. 55; 42 C. 254. Oral negotiation followed by written offer and answer “to proceed” sufficient. 40 C. 522. Memorandum signed and dated back by repudiated agent insufficient. Id., 455. Signature of auctioneer is a sufficient signing. 56 C. 105. Plaintiff may enforce contract against signers though he himself failed to sign. 58 C. 18; 102 C. 479. Description of real estate held sufficiently definite. 58 C. 19. Special case; facts held not to show a sufficient signature by defendant. 63 C. 118, 119. General description of the land held too indefinite to comply with statute. Id., 118; 105 C. 413. Whether such description could be applied to the land intended, by extrinsic evidence, quaere. 63 C. 118. All terms of contract must be stated; 90 C. 193; time of delivery. 81 C. 575. Two papers may be read together. 75 C. 679; 101 C. 329. What constitutes signature. 91 C. 29. Making certain its terms by parol evidence. 92 C. 636. Memo of sale of goods which names parties, subject matter, price and place of delivery is sufficient. 93 C. 211. Requisites of memo for sale of real estate; sufficient to describe city property by street and number alone; parol proof may explain but not supplement its terms. 96 C. 541; 105 C. 413. Part of memorandum may be below signature. 101 C. 330. Defendant's signature under word “accepted” on nonnegotiable bill of exchange sufficient. 102 C. 558. “All my property, one house and two lots 100 x 100” held insufficient. 105 C. 413. Memorandum not naming nor describing purchaser insufficient. 99 C. 542. Memorandum held insufficient for failure to give details of mortgage; Id.; so where duration of purchase money mortgage is not disclosed. 101 C. 166; 105 C. 636. Map incorporated by reference in mutual deeds held a sufficient memorandum. 108 C. 540. Requisites of memorandum for sale of real estate; memorandum held insufficient in stating time of completion and payment. Id., 688. Power of attorney to A to convey land is not sufficient memorandum of agreement that A was to be owner. 114 C. 539. Memorandum not specifying how balance of purchase price of land was to be paid is not sufficient. 115 C. 721. “$8500 net” is sufficiently definite statement of price of real estate. 131 C. 290, 291. Exclusive agency contract by defendant with brokers is not memorandum for sale to plaintiff. 133 C. 573. Total purchase price and amount of purchase money mortgage indefinite; agreement held not sufficient; requisites of memorandum. 145 C. 669.

Agreement to answer for the debt, default or miscarriage of another. Rule stated for determining whether a given promise is within statute or not. 60 C. 76; 83 C. 686; 93 C. 265; 99 C. 163; 107 C. 51; 112 C. 389. If promise is merely collateral to the original debt, it must be in writing, whatever the consideration. 60 C. 81. Statute is just as binding in courts of equity as in courts of law. Id., 53. A contract void under statute is void for all purposes. Id., 367. Applies to special promise made by the executor or administrator to pay, out of his own estate, what he is already liable to pay in his representative capacity. Id., 75. Agreement in statute will not be implied. 82 C. 178. If there is new benefit to promisor and act is done on his request and credit, original undertaking ordinarily arises. 112 C. 391. Oral contracts or promises held within statute: For appearance of another or payment of debt. 1 R. 57. To pay loss if suit against another failed. 2 D. 457. By discharged endorser, to pay note if maker was not sued. 4 C. 122, 130. Promise by administrator without assets; 22 C. 323; aliter, when administrator has assets. 22 C. 323. Promise to A to pay his debts due others, within statute as to A's creditors; 31 C. 100; but not as to A. 22 C. 325. Promise made to one to whom another is answerable. Id.; 26 C. 109. Undertaking by one not before liable to perform same duty for which party for whom undertaking was made continues liable. 35 C. 350; 41 C. 196; 60 C. 71; 125 C. 500. Contracts of surety and guaranty. 31 C. 101; Id., 362. To answer for deficiency of tax collector. 41 C. 196. By third person to save endorser harmless. 52 C. 473. By third person to pay tax if collector would forbear to levy; 60 C. 76; aliter if arrangement releases original debtor. Id., 76, 77. Of owner of building to pay subcontractor if contractor did not. 60 C. 471. Agreement by officer of corporation personally to pay its debt in certain contingency; 76 C. 43; by corporation to pay for services rendered to another corporation which former organizes. 82 C. 178. A promise to indemnify promisee for becoming surety for a third person at the request of promisor is not within statute. 147 C. 1. Undertaking, by party not before liable, for purpose of securing, or for performance of, a duty for which party for whom undertaking is made continues liable is within statute as special promise to answer for debt, default or miscarriage of another; defense of statute of frauds need not be specially pleaded; unless X company was relieved of its obligation to pay plaintiff for work, oral promise by defendant to pay plaintiff for it constituted a collateral, rather than an original, undertaking and was within statute of frauds. 150 C. 8. Oral contracts or promises held not within statute: To pay for boarding son. 1 R. 90. Of principal to indemnify agent acting properly. 1 C. 522. By administrator to submit claim of estate to arbitration. 2 C. 691. Undertaking of assignee accepting trust. 3 C. 277. Of A to pay B one-half C might recover of D. 16 C. 553. Of A to pay for such articles as B should furnish C. 17 C. 119, 121. Contract of bailee under officer's receipt. 20 C. 494. Special agreement of contractor de erection of church. 23 C. 557. Of administrator to pay costs of suit. 28 C. 550. Accommodation paper. 31 C. 362. Promise which discharges debtor and assumes new obligation. 35 C. 349. By grantee in deed to assume mortgage debt. 42 C. 254. Promise to pay another with funds of promisee. 53 C. 181. Oral agreement to pay funds received of promisee to his creditor. 60 C. 80. By defendant to pay plaintiff his commissions for securing actors, out of actors' salaries, assented to by them. 62 C. 54–56. By owner, after failure of original contractor, with subcontractor for completion of work. Id., 86. Promise to indemnify surety. 64 C. 273; 83 C. 686; 122 C. 26. Promise of president of corporation to pay for supplies to its employees held to be his independent agreement. 92 C. 587. Promise made to debtor to pay his debts. 93 C. 576. Performing services for contractor of building on owner's promise to pay, if contractor did not. 94 C. 502. Promise to pay for doctor's services to child injured by promisor's automobile. 99 C. 163. A father who ratifies his daughter's purchase of a fur coat and orally promises to pay for it; contract is enforceable. 107 C. 51. Oral agreement by seller of stock to repurchase at selling price if buyer became dissatisfied within 1 year is not within statute though stock was sold for over $100. 109 C. 598. Promise of agent that he would assume entire responsibility and give personal attention to shipment from principal. 112 C. 385. Agreement by original purchaser of truck to see that payments would be made after it was transferred to another. 124 C. 383. Direct promise of mortgagee to pay for rebuilding stores. 126 C. 579. Oral agreement of sale though not enforceable under statute may entitle broker to commission. 144 C. 555. A promise to indemnify the promisee for becoming surety for a third person, at the request of the promisor, is not within statute. 147 C. 1.

Agreement for the sale of real estate. “Agreement” contemplates a transfer of some portion of the title. 61 C. 483. Stipulations collateral to the contract of sale, but contained therein, may be enforced, if the action does not tend to enforce the sale or purchase of the interest in land. 62 C. 46; 109 C. 525. Sufficiency of memorandum in general; admissibility of parol evidence to explain it. 87 C. 90. Land must be described with reasonable certainty. 90 C. 281; 91 C. 29. Law applies as well to action by vendee for damages as to one for specific performance. Id. Any modification of original agreement must be in writing. 82 C. 293. Promisor estopped to set up statute by improvements made by promisee in reliance on oral agreement to reconvey. 124 C. 507. Recital of valuable consideration in an absolute deed is sufficient to rebut a claim of a resulting trust by oral agreement. 113 C. 470; 121 C. 159. Contracts or promises held within statute: Of grantor to pay grantee for any lack of agreed acreage; K. 24; aliter; 1 R. 74; 62 C. 45. Grantee's promise to pay more if land should exceed estimated acreage. 1 D. 23. To build and rent store with wharf for 3 years. 18 C. 228. Right to perpetually divert water upon land cannot be acquired by oral license. 23 C. 223. Agreement to dispose of equitable interest in land. 27 C. 316. Oral promise to devise real estate to plaintiff. 60 C. 50. Oral agreement to convey land in consideration of services rendered. 62 C. 373. Oral promise to will one's property to another, in consideration of the latter's services and companionship, is within, if promisor leaves real as well as personal estate; 63 C. 536; 83 C. 34; but not if he leaves only personal estate; 82 C. 652; but action of quantum meruit lies and agreement may be admissible in evidence. 82 C. 648; 83 C. 34. Express trust of real estate; 66 C. 499; 75 C. 1; 84 C. 560; 124 C. 144; 130 C. 294; but see where trust arose in another state and claim was for proceeds of land sold. 81 C. 436. Offer of mortgagee at auction sale of property to let certain sum “remain” on land. 70 C. 92. Approval of principal, where land sold to agent subject to it. 83 C. 120. Agreement for release of mortgage. 92 C. 416. Contracts or promises held not within statute: The conditions attending the delivery of a deed in escrow may, as between the parties, be proved by parol. 2 R. 81, 82. Promise to pay what land was reasonably worth for its use and occupation. 2 R. 150. Not to use land in certain manner. 3 D. 484. Agreement for sale of fixtures capable of separation. 3 D. 484. Statute only requires that the agreement on which the action is brought should be in writing. 2 C. 304. Collateral conditions are provable by parol. 2 C. 304. Agreement to share profits of land speculation. 4 C. 573. Implied trust de purchase and ownership of land is provable by parol. 16 C. 401; 35 C. 169; 59 C. 199. Also an express trust if partially performed. 16 C. 401. Oral partition of division fence. 29 C. 429. That builder should own building erected on promisor's land. 34 C. 523. Oral agreement not to carry on a particular kind of business on premises sold. 61 C. 483. Oral promise by grantor to repay grantee the difference in value between actual frontage and the frontage stated in deed. 62 C. 45. Agreement with real estate broker for his services. 76 C. 308; 79 C. 297; 131 C. 378; 133 C. 209, 210. Obligation of water company to sell plant to town, arising under legislative act. 80 C. 646. Oral promise to account for money received from sale of land. 81 C. 433; 109 C. 525. Implied obligation of owner of land to refund money paid under contract for future sale after he has sold land to a third person. 82 C. 383; 90 C. 281. Agency to sell land and execute memorandum. 83 C. 120. Agreement to buy land jointly, build house and share profits. 86 C. 453. Agreement for arbitration of boundary dispute. 87 C. 678. Sale of building to be removed. 88 C. 1; 90 C. 289. Surrender of land by vendee in possession, on default in payments due under contract. 90 C. 555. Authority to sell land and sign contract may be created by parol. 96 C. 84. Absolute deed may be construed as mortgage. 91 C. 571; 93 C. 61; 97 C. 196; 109 C. 525. Memorandum not naming or describing purchaser held insufficient. 99 C. 542. Agreement held insufficient as to mortgage details; Id.; so where duration of purchase money mortgage is not disclosed. 101 C. 166; 105 C. 636. Executed parol agreement for division fence not within statute. 101 C. 290. Oral agreement to release blanket mortgage from lot as soon as house erected thereon is unenforceable. 108 C. 30. Memorandum held insufficient for lack of statement as to time of payment and completion. Id., 688. Where an oral agreement is executed as to that part relating to realty, balance of agreement may be proved by parol. 109 C. 525. Power of real estate agent to enter written agreement to sell. 144 C. 541. Oral agreement of sale though not enforceable under statute may entitle broker to commission. Id., 555. Total purchase price and amount of purchase money mortgage indefinite; agreement held not sufficient. 145 C. 669. Agreement to sell did not specify conditions of repayment in regard to a purchase money mortgage; held to violate the statute of frauds. 148 C. 153. Agreement calling for total purchase price of $30,000 with stipulation as to payments totaling only $25,000 held unenforceable. 149 C. 236. Cited. 150 C. 481.

Lease of real estate. Oral agreement to lease for a term of years is within statute. 1 R. 549; 21 C. 403; 22 C. 403; 80 C. 263; 82 C. 413. The terms of such an agreement admissible in evidence as bearing on amount of rent due. 22 C. 433; 23 C. 59. Status of an oral lease which is within statute. 23 C. 312; 80 C. 455; 82 C. 414; 86 C. 34. Agreement defining terms of existing tenancy is in statute; 80 C. 507; so one for possession of premises until a controversy is settled; 80 C. 504; and one not to be performed in year. 86 C. 32. Letter saying lease is “all right” held sufficient memorandum; 75 C. 681; but agreement failing to state length of term is insufficient. 80 C. 267. Agreement for lease for 2 years is in statute; receipt for rent may constitute sufficient memorandum. 92 C. 226. Agreement for extension of lease on notice does not require new lease or written notice. 95 C. 454. Defectively executed lease for more than 1 year is binding between parties if evidenced by memorandum sufficient under statute of frauds. 102 C. 479. Statute not applicable to oral modification of lease, reducing rent, where reduced rent has actually been accepted. 120 C. 572. Entry and payment of rent under a lease may constitute such part performance as to estop lessor from setting up statute. 128 C. 619. Option to purchase decedent's homestead excepting “the houselot of about one acre, together with the house and garage situated thereon” too uncertain to satisfy statute. 156 C. 175.

Memorandum of agreement for sale of real property complies with statute when buyer seeks to charge seller with specific performance and seller's agreement was definite and enforceable, although buyer-plaintiff's agreement was conditional on his obtaining a mortgage. 28 CS 114.

Written agreement to purchase land whose extent and price were left to future determination held on demurrer not to satisfy statute of frauds. 5 Conn. Cir. Ct. 439.

Partial performance and its effect. An oral agreement respecting real estate, executed in part, will be specifically enforced. K. 400; 2 R. 163, 165; 2 D. 225; 5 D. 71; 7 C. 348; 13 C. 491; 14 C. 122; 16 C. 401; 18 C. 229; 26 C. 373; 27 C. 341; 29 C. 429; 35 C. 181; 36 C. 55, 56; 80 C. 267; 85 C. 635; 88 C. 547; 91 C. 651; 92 C. 416; 98 C. 318. Acts of performance admissible before contract is specifically proved. 16 C. 402. What acts constitute part performance. 18 C. 229; 37 C. 14; 98 C. 319; 101 C. 328; 108 C. 690; 112 C. 429; 113 C. 301. What acts are insufficient. 1 R. 59; 19 C. 74; 63 C. 539–545; 108 C. 690. The acts relied upon as part performance must afford satisfactory evidence of the original contract. 2 R. 165. Mere payment in part execution is insufficient. 27 C. 316; 108 C. 690. Agreement will not be taken out of statute at law, unless performance is complete. 18 C. 231; 122 C. 510. Reason for specifically enforcing an oral contract which is partially performed. 19 C. 74. Acts must be inexplicable on any theory save that of agreement; 75 C. 1; and this presents question of law. 69 C. 104. Payment is not a part of performance. 88 C. 548; 108 C. 690. Estoppel to claim under statute. 92 C. 416; 124 C. 512. True basis of part performance is estoppel. 124 C. 516. Estoppel against setting up statute need not be pleaded. Id., 510. Entry and payment of rent under a lease may constitute such part performance as to estop lessor from setting up statute. 128 C. 619. Buyer's possession as part performance; 98 C. 315; 101 C. 323, 328; 110 C. 392; 112 C. 427. Buyer's use of uncompleted house for storage of furniture plus seller's declaration that house was sold. 101 C. 328. Part performance of agreement not to be performed within a year. 106 C. 243. Part performance to make effective an oral agreement must be referable to it and consistent with its terms. 113 C. 475. Giving of power of attorney to A not part performance of oral agreement to convey to him. 114 C. 539. Doctrine of part performance is purely equitable; not available in action for damages for breach of contract within statute. 122 C. 507. Acts relied upon by plaintiff must be acts done by himself. 124 C. 148.

Allegations in complaint that plaintiff fulfilled obligations under a forbearance agreement by executing and delivering a note and mortgage and executing a guarantee were sufficient to bring case within the doctrine of part performance and preclude application of section. 151 CA 549.

Agreement upon consideration of marriage. Contract to marry is not within statute. 20 C. 508. Antenuptial promise based on forbearance to sue is not within statute, although made in contemplation of marriage. 25 C. 159.

Agreement not to be performed within 1 year. Oral agreement to let mill for 3 years, furnish dyestuffs, etc., within. 1 R. 549. Oral lease for more than 1 year, within. 22 C. 403. If performance may take place within 1 year, as an agreement to labor for 1 year, contract is not within; 12 C. 460, 461; 61 C. 484; 101 C. 57; aliter if services are not to begin at once. 16 C. 250. Oral agreement to build store within 6 months and lease it for 3 years, not within. 18 C. 232. Mere expectation of nonperformance within a year does not bring the case within statute. 20 C. 508. The terms of an oral contract for labor, within statute, are admissible as tending to prove what the services were reasonably worth. 25 C. 191, 401. Contract of apprenticeship to continue more than 1 year is within. 18 C. 341. Contract for employment for a year to begin at subsequent day is within statute; 85 C. 421; but not a mere agreement for an increase of salary “per year”. 87 C. 79. Contract to bequeath in consideration of care until death is not within statute; depends upon continuance of life. 101 C. 57. Part performance as taking out of statute. 106 C. 243.

Agreement for sale of personal property. Performance on one side takes case out of statute. 2 R. 191, 387. Shares of stock of corporation within; 15 C. 403; 50 C. 491; 99 C. 172; but not agreement by seller to repurchase if unsatisfactory. 109 C. 598. Delivery of stock certificates a sufficient symbolical delivery of shares. 50 C. 491. Buildings, crops and earth itself, sold as separate from land, are personal property. 19 C. 165; 88 C. 3. Oral, to manufacture and deliver special article, not within. 20 C. 53. Delivery of bill of sale is vendor's execution of contract. 26 C. 374. Facts held to show a sale and not a contract to manufacture. 29 C. 511. If part of entire contract is within, the whole is within; delivery at a distance from place of sale does not take case out of statute. Id., 515. Executed contracts de division of personalty not within. Id., 429. Oral, that builder should own structure erected on promisor's land, not within; but a sale after erection must be in writing. 34 C. 523. Subsequent tender and acceptance have same effect as original delivery. 44 C. 139. Includes sale of house to be severed from land; 88 C. 1; 90 C. 289; so sale of shares of stock. 90 C. 342. Agreement to enter jointly into purchase and sale of goods held not in statute. 93 C. 580. Agreement need not fix time of delivery or payment, as reasonable time will be implied. 96 C. 88. Interest in corporation where no stock certificates issued. 100 C. 60. Contract to supply and install plumbing fixtures, for a single price which included labor and incidental materials, not within statute. 110 C. 241. Memorandum held inadequate. 134 C. 376. Memorandum held sufficient. Id., 469. Resulting trust may be proved by parol evidence. 135 C. 378. Option to purchase satisfied statute. 136 C. 41. Where relationship of parties gives rise to constructive trust. Id., 352. Letter offering property, his lease, his occupation of property and other facts provide sufficient description. 138 C. 227. Allegations of complaint held sufficient to enable plaintiff vendor to produce evidence of acts of part performance. Id., 605.

Delivery, acceptance and receipt. What constitutes sufficient acceptance to take contracts out of statute; 13 C. 332; is question of fact. 90 C. 193. Goods set apart, and verbal delivery to vendee standing by, sufficient; such delivery not symbolical. 17 C. 173. Subsequent tender and acceptance have same effect as original delivery. 44 C. 139. Delivery of stock certificate sufficient delivery of shares. 50 C. 491. Acceptance by vendee must be an actual receiving on his part of the whole or part of the property sold; acceptance may be sufficient to pass title and yet insufficient to remove case from statute; facts held insufficient to show such an acceptance as would remove case from statute. 60 C. 366. Where no actual change of possession, it must clearly appear that continued possession of vendor is that of bailee for vendee. 75 C. 377; 76 C. 232. What constitutes acceptance. 90 C. 342. Constructive delivery and acceptance; shares of stock. Id.; 99 C. 173. Receipt of part of one shipment as taking case out of statute. 93 C. 580; Id., 639; 102 C. 634. Direction of seller to buyer to purchase shares in open market held part performance because creating agency. 99 C. 173. But seller's oral agreement with buyer to repurchase shares of stock at any time within 1 year if buyer becomes dissatisfied is enforceable. 109 C. 598. Efforts of defendant to sell stock after delivery as indicative of acceptance. 113 C. 761.

Contract unenforceable as one which could not be performed within 1 year. Doctrine of part performance not applicable to such contracts. 137 C. 488. Full performance by one party to a contract takes it out of statute. 138 C. 94.

Oral promise to make a bequest in consideration of marriage made after marriage held within the prohibition of section. 1 CS 1; Id., 26. What plaintiff may prove by extrinsic evidence. Id., 61; 13 CS 78; 14 CS 454; 15 CS 60; Id., 190. Effect of failure to show that agreement could not be performed in 1 year. 3 CS 102. Effect of oral renewal of lease; renewal and continuance distinguished. Id., 146. Oral promise to reimburse town for relief furnished to one of its inhabitants not within statute of frauds. 11 CS 295. What is a sufficiently definite description. 13 CS 78. Not essential that promisee sign memorandum. Id., 456; 15 CS 57. The written memorandum must state all the essential terms of the agreement with such certainty that there is no need to recourse to parol evidence. 13 CS 420; 14 CS 356; Id., 367. Provision “the buyer to have first refusal” is too indefinite as to terms to satisfy statute of frauds. 13 CS 459. Cited. 14 CS 273. Equitable estoppel may be invoked against one claiming the benefit of statute. Id., 351. The essential terms of a sales contract are that the sale has been made and the name of the purchaser. Id., 356. Demurrer will lie if it appears impossible to produce any competent evidence of a memorandum. Id., 426. Plaintiff is entitled to prove by extrinsic evidence that defendant owned a single piece of land in Lakeville where memorandum read for “my Lakeville property”. Id., 454. Cited. 15 CS 447; 16 CS 51; 17 CS 273; 18 CS 177. Oral representation by developer that lots would be same size and shape as delineated on map not enforceable. 19 CS 6. Where subcontractor induced to complete work on owner's promise, “I'll see that you get your money”, it was not enforceable under section. Id., 98. Cited. Id., 355. What constitutes part performance of a contract for the sale of land so as to remove it from statute of frauds. 21 CS 88. Where plaintiff gave defendant $1,000 down payment for land on promise of defendant to return it if plaintiff couldn't get mortgage and where the agreement to buy the land was oral, held defense of statute of frauds was unavailable to defendant and plaintiff was entitled to have the deposit back. 23 CS 442. Agreement with real estate broker is for personal services and not within statute of frauds. 26 CS 193. Administrative regulation prescribing form for such agreement held not to alter statute of frauds. Id., 194. Cited. 32 CS 511. Where goods were sold to corporation on personal credit of sole stockholder and principal officer, without personal or direct benefit to him, conclusion that oral agreement to pay was unenforceable held error. 33 CS 528.

Where written agreement for sale of land provides that portion of purchase price shall be secured by mortgage, agreement must fix time mortgage is to run. 3 Conn. Cir. Ct. 85. Statute is not defense to action for recovery of value of improvements to property made by lessee in reliance upon oral agreement to sell property so improved. 4 Conn. Cir. Ct. 437, 439, 440.

Subsec. (a):

Subdiv. (5): Contract of indefinite duration is not subject to “one year” provision. 202 C. 190. Subdiv. (5): Oral contract that does not say in express terms that performance is to have a specific duration beyond 1 year is the functional equivalent of a contract of indefinite duration for purposes of statute of frauds and thus is unenforceable as outside of statute's prescription. 220 C. 569. Cited. 221 C. 236. Contract did not violate statute of frauds re Subdiv. (4) interest in real property or Subdiv. (5) agreement not to be performed within 1 year. 245 C. 640.

Cited. 5 CA 240; 13 CA 527; 23 CA 579; 33 CA 662; 38 CA 329; Id., 333; Id., 420; Id., 772; 42 CA 413; 45 CA 466. In the absence of case law construing Subdiv. (6), it is deemed appropriate to apply its provisions in accordance with limitations and caveats that have been engrafted on the other Subdivs. of Subsec. 63 CA 832. Agreement between parties not barred by statute of frauds. 69 CA 366. Due to lack of proof re existence and essential terms of an oral agreement, the alleged oral agreement violated statute of frauds. 70 CA 692. Subdiv. (4): Contract for sale of real estate that does not contain any designation of seller fails to satisfy statute. 85 CA 503. Statute did not apply to circumstances of case because contract governing son's debt had been fully performed and it is well-established that full performance by both parties to an oral contract will operate to remove a contract from the provisions of statute, and cause of action concerned property owners' default on their mortgage loan rather than an action to enforce property owners' promise to pay part of son's debt. 89 CA 200. Subdiv. (4): Although part performance may be sufficient to take a contract out of statute of frauds, plaintiffs' maintenance of city landscaping on the land was evidence of an agreement between plaintiffs and the city, not evidence of an agreement between plaintiffs and defendant to sell the land. 99 CA 294. Subdiv. (4): Because claim for negligent misrepresentation sounds in tort and not in contract, statute of frauds does not bar such claim. 116 CA 483. Subdiv. (5): Primary purpose of statute of frauds is to provide reliable evidence of the existence and terms of the contract, but an oral settlement agreement within framework of original lawsuit that was placed on the record before the trial judge and assented to by counsel for the parties is binding, as if the agreement were in writing and signed by the party to be charged, regardless of whether the agreement could be performed within a year. 132 CA 209. Subdiv. (4): Plaintiffs maintaining a civil action challenging the discretionary determination of the common interest association under Subdiv. are precluded from asserting the statute of fraud because section operates as a special defense to a civil action and accordingly may only be asserted as a shield to defeat a cause of action and not as a sword to seek a judicial remedy for a wrong. 174 CA 18. Subdiv. (6): Credit card agreement does not constitute a loan as contemplated by the statute of frauds. 174 CA 472.

Cited. 39 CS 188.

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Conn. Gen. Stat. § 7-148.

Sec. 7-148. Scope of municipal powers. (a) Definitions. Whenever used in this section, “municipality” means any town, city or borough, consolidated town and city or consolidated town and borough.

(b) Ordinances. Powers granted to any municipality under the general statutes or by any charter or special act, unless the charter or special act provides to the contrary, shall be exercised by ordinance when the exercise of such powers has the effect of:

(1) Establishing rules or regulations of general municipal application, the violation of which may result in the imposition of a fine or other penalty including community service for not more than twenty hours; or

(2) Creating a permanent local law of general applicability.

(c) Powers. Any municipality shall have the power to do any of the following, in addition to all powers granted to municipalities under the Constitution and general statutes:

(1) Corporate powers. (A) Contract and be contracted with, sue and be sued, and institute, prosecute, maintain and defend any action or proceeding in any court of competent jurisdiction;

(B) Provide for the authentication, execution and delivery of deeds, contracts, grants, and releases of municipal property and for the issuance of evidences of indebtedness of the municipality;

(2) Finances and appropriations. (A) Establish and maintain a budget system;

(B) Assess, levy and collect taxes for general or special purposes on all property, subjects or objects which may be lawfully taxed, and regulate the mode of assessment and collection of taxes and assessments not otherwise provided for, including establishment of a procedure for the withholding of approval of building application when taxes or water or sewer rates, charges or assessments imposed by the municipality are delinquent for the property for which an application was made;

(C) Make appropriations for the support of the municipality and pay its debts;

(D) Make appropriations for the purpose of meeting a public emergency threatening the lives, health or property of citizens, provided such appropriations shall require a favorable vote of at least two-thirds of the entire membership of the legislative body or, when the legislative body is the town meeting, at least two-thirds of those present and voting;

(E) Make appropriations to military organizations, hospitals, health care facilities, public health nursing organizations, nonprofit museums and libraries, organizations providing drug abuse and dependency programs and any other private organization performing a public function;

(F) Provide for the manner in which contracts involving unusual expenditures shall be made;

(G) When not specifically prescribed by general statute or by charter, prescribe the form of proceedings and mode of assessing benefits and appraising damages in taking land for public use, or in making public improvements to be paid for, in whole or in part, by special assessments, and prescribe the manner in which all benefits assessed shall be collected;

(H) Provide for the bonding of municipal officials or employees by requiring the furnishing of such bond, conditioned upon honesty or faithful performance of duty and determine the amount, form, and sufficiency of the sureties thereof;

(I) Regulate the method of borrowing money for any purpose for which taxes may be levied and borrow on the faith and credit of the municipality for such general or special purposes and to such extent as is authorized by general statute;

(J) Provide for the temporary borrowing of money;

(K) Create a sinking fund or funds or a trust fund or funds or other special funds, including funds which do not lapse at the end of the municipal fiscal year;

(L) Provide for the assignment of municipal tax liens on real property to the extent authorized by general statute;

(3) Property. (A) Take or acquire by gift, purchase, grant, including any grant from the United States or the state, bequest or devise and hold, condemn, lease, sell, manage, transfer, release and convey such real and personal property or interest therein absolutely or in trust as the purposes of the municipality or any public use or purpose, including that of education, art, ornament, health, charity or amusement, cemeteries, parks or gardens, or the erection or maintenance of statues, monuments, buildings or other structures, require. Any lease of real or personal property or any interest therein, either as lessee or lessor, may be for such term or any extensions thereof and upon such other terms and conditions as have been approved by the municipality, including without limitation the power to bind itself to appropriate funds as necessary to meet rent and other obligations as provided in any such lease;

(B) Provide for the proper administration of gifts, grants, bequests and devises and meet such terms or conditions as are prescribed by the grantor or donor and accepted by the municipality;

(4) Public services. (A) Provide for police protection, regulate and prescribe the duties of the persons providing police protection with respect to criminal matters within the limits of the municipality and maintain and regulate a suitable place of detention within the limits of the municipality for the safekeeping of all persons arrested and awaiting trial and do all other things necessary or desirable for the policing of the municipality;

(B) Provide for fire protection, organize, maintain and regulate the persons providing fire protection, provide the necessary apparatus for extinguishing fires and do all other things necessary or desirable for the protection of the municipality from fire;

(C) Provide for entertainment, amusements, concerts, celebrations and cultural activities, including the direct or indirect purchase, ownership and operation of the assets of one or more sports franchises;

(D) Provide for ambulance service by the municipality or any person, firm or corporation;

(E) Provide for the employment of nurses;

(F) Provide for lighting the streets, highways and other public places of the municipality and for the care and preservation of public lamps, lamp posts and fixtures;

(G) Provide for the furnishing of water, by contract or otherwise;

(H) Provide for or regulate the collection and disposal of garbage, trash, rubbish, waste material and ashes by contract or otherwise, including prohibiting the throwing or placing of such materials on the highways;

(I) Provide for the financing, construction, rehabilitation, repair, improvement or subsidization of housing for low and moderate income persons and families;

(5) Personnel. (A) Provide for and establish pension systems for the officers and employees of the municipality and for the active members of any volunteer fire department or any volunteer ambulance association of the municipality, and establish a system of qualification for the tenure in office of such officers and employees, provided the rights or benefits granted to any individual under any municipal retirement or pension system shall not be diminished or eliminated;

(B) Establish a merit system or civil service system for the selection and promotion of public officials and employees. Nothing in this subparagraph shall be construed to validate any merit system or civil service system established prior to May 24, 1972;

(C) Provide for the employment of and prescribe the salaries, compensation and hours of employment of all officers and employees of the municipality and the duties of such officers and employees not expressly defined by the Constitution of the state, the general statutes, charter or special act;

(D) Provide for the appointment of a municipal historian;

(6) Public works, sewers, highways. (A) Public facilities. (i) Establish, lay out, construct, reconstruct, alter, maintain, repair, control and operate cemeteries, public burial grounds, hospitals, clinics, institutions for children and aged, infirm and chronically ill persons, bus terminals and airports and their accessories, docks, wharves, school houses, libraries, parks, playgrounds, playfields, fieldhouses, baths, bathhouses, swimming pools, gymnasiums, comfort stations, recreation places, public beaches, beach facilities, public gardens, markets, garbage and refuse disposal facilities, parking lots and other off-street parking facilities, and any and all buildings or facilities necessary or convenient for carrying on the government of the municipality;

(ii) Create, provide for, construct, regulate and maintain all things in the nature of public works and improvements;

(iii) Enter into or upon any land for the purpose of making necessary surveys or mapping in connection with any public improvement, and take by eminent domain any lands, rights, easements, privileges, franchises or structures which are necessary for the purpose of establishing, constructing or maintaining any public work, or for any municipal purpose, in the manner prescribed by the general statutes;

(iv) Regulate and protect from injury or defacement all public buildings, public monuments, trees and ornaments in public places and other public property in the municipality;

(v) Provide for the planting, rearing and preserving of shade and ornamental trees on the streets and public grounds;

(vi) Provide for improvement of waterfronts by a board, commission or otherwise;

(B) Sewers, drainage and public utilities. (i) Lay out, construct, reconstruct, repair, maintain, operate, alter, extend and discontinue sewer and drainage systems and sewage disposal plants;

(ii) Enter into or upon any land for the purpose of correcting the flow of surface water through watercourses which prevent, or may tend to prevent, the free discharge of municipal highway surface water through said courses;

(iii) Regulate the laying, location and maintenance of gas pipes, water pipes, drains, sewers, poles, wires, conduits and other structures in the streets and public places of the municipality;

(iv) Prohibit and regulate the discharge of drains from roofs of buildings over or upon the sidewalks, streets or other public places of the municipality or into sanitary sewers;

(v) Enter into energy-savings performance contracts;

(C) Highways and sidewalks. (i) Lay out, construct, reconstruct, alter, maintain, repair, control, operate, and assign numbers to streets, alleys, highways, boulevards, bridges, underpasses, sidewalks, curbs, gutters, public walks and parkways;

(ii) Keep open and safe for public use and travel and free from encroachment or obstruction the streets, sidewalks and public places in the municipality;

(iii) Control the excavation of highways and streets;

(iv) Regulate and prohibit the excavation, altering or opening of sidewalks, public places and grounds for public and private purposes and the location of any work or things thereon, whether temporary or permanent, upon or under the surface thereof;

(v) Require owners or occupants of land adjacent to any sidewalk or public work to remove snow, ice, sleet, debris or any other obstruction therefrom, provide penalties upon their failure to do so, and cause such snow, ice, sleet, debris or other obstruction to be removed and make the cost of such removal a lien on such property;

(vi) Grant to abutting property owners a limited property or leasehold interest in abutting streets and sidewalks for the purpose of encouraging and supporting private commercial development;

(7) Regulatory and police powers. (A) Buildings. (i) Make rules relating to the maintenance of safe and sanitary housing and prescribe civil penalties for the violation of such rules against an owner of rental property not to exceed two thousand dollars per violation, provided if multiple violations are discovered on the same date, such violations shall be enforced as one violation, and any such owner assessed a civil penalty pursuant to this subparagraph shall have a right of appeal to the legislative body of the municipality, or to the board of selectmen in a municipality where the legislative body is a town meeting, upon the grounds that such violation was proximately caused by a tenant's reckless or wilful act;

(ii) Regulate the mode of using any buildings when such regulations seem expedient for the purpose of promoting the safety, health, morals and general welfare of the inhabitants of the municipality;

(iii) Regulate and prohibit the moving of buildings upon or through the streets or other public places of the municipality, and cause the removal and demolition of unsafe buildings and structures;

(iv) Regulate and provide for the licensing of parked trailers when located off the public highways, and trailer parks or mobile manufactured home parks, except as otherwise provided by special act and except where there exists a local zoning commission so empowered;

(v) Establish lines beyond which no buildings, steps, stoop, veranda, billboard, advertising sign or device or other structure or obstruction may be erected;

(vi) Regulate and prohibit the placing, erecting or keeping of signs, awnings or other things upon or over the sidewalks, streets and other public places of the municipality;

(vii) Regulate plumbing and house drainage;

(viii) Prohibit or regulate the construction of dwellings, apartments, boarding houses, hotels, commercial buildings, youth camps or commercial camps and commercial camping facilities in such municipality unless the sewerage facilities have been approved by the authorized officials of the municipality;

(B) Traffic. (i) Regulate and prohibit, in a manner not inconsistent with the general statutes, traffic, the operation of vehicles on streets and highways, off-street parking and on-street residential neighborhood parking areas in which on-street parking is limited to residents of a given neighborhood, as determined by the municipality;

(ii) Regulate the speed of vehicles, subject to the provisions of the general statutes relating to the regulation of the speed of motor vehicles and of animals, and the driving or leading of animals through the streets;

(iii) Require that conspicuous signage be posted in any area where a motor vehicle may be subject to towing or to the use of a wheel-locking device that renders such motor vehicle immovable, and that such signage indicate where the motor vehicle will be stored, how the vehicle may be redeemed and any costs or fees that may be charged;

(C) Building adjuncts. Regulate and prohibit the construction or use, and require the removal of sinks, cesspools, drains, sewers, privies, barns, outhouses and poultry pens and houses;

(D) Animals. (i) Regulate and prohibit the going at large of dogs and other animals in the streets and public places of the municipality and prevent cruelty to animals and all inhuman sports, except that no municipality shall adopt breed-specific dog ordinances;

(ii) Regulate and prohibit the keeping of wild or domestic animals, including reptiles, within the municipal limits or portions thereof;

(E) Nuisance. Define, prohibit and abate within the municipality all nuisances and causes thereof, and all things detrimental to the health, morals, safety, convenience and welfare of its inhabitants and cause the abatement of any nuisance at the expense of the owner or owners of the premises on which such nuisance exists;

(F) Loitering and trespassing. (i) Keep streets, sidewalks and public places free from undue noise and nuisances, and prohibit loitering thereon;

(ii) Regulate loitering on private property with the permission of the owner thereof;

(iii) Prohibit the loitering in the nighttime of minors on the streets, alleys or public places within its limits;

(iv) Prevent trespassing on public and private lands and in buildings in the municipality;

(G) Vice. Prevent vice and suppress gambling houses, houses of ill-fame and disorderly houses;

(H) Public health and safety. (i) Secure the safety of persons in or passing through the municipality by regulation of shows, processions, parades and music;

(ii) Regulate and prohibit the carrying on within the municipality of any trade, manufacture, business or profession which is, or may be, so carried on as to become prejudicial to public health, conducive to fraud and cheating, or dangerous to, or constituting an unreasonable annoyance to, those living or owning property in the vicinity;

(iii) Regulate auctions and garage and tag sales;

(iv) Prohibit, restrain, license and regulate the business of peddlers, auctioneers and junk dealers in a manner not inconsistent with the general statutes;

(v) Regulate and prohibit swimming or bathing in the public or exposed places within the municipality;

(vi) Regulate and license the operation of amusement parks and amusement arcades including, but not limited to, the regulation of mechanical rides and the establishment of the hours of operation;

(vii) Prohibit, restrain, license and regulate all sports, exhibitions, public amusements and performances and all places where games may be played;

(viii) Preserve the public peace and good order, prevent and quell riots and disorderly assemblages and prevent disturbing noises;

(ix) Establish a system to obtain a more accurate registration of births, marriages and deaths than the system provided by the general statutes in a manner not inconsistent with the general statutes;

(x) Control insect pests or plant diseases in any manner deemed appropriate;

(xi) Provide for the health of the inhabitants of the municipality and do all things necessary or desirable to secure and promote the public health;

(xii) Regulate the use of streets, sidewalks, highways, public places and grounds for public and private purposes;

(xiii) Make and enforce police, sanitary or other similar regulations and protect or promote the peace, safety, good government and welfare of the municipality and its inhabitants;

(xiv) Regulate, in addition to the requirements under section 7-282b, the installation, maintenance and operation of any device or equipment in a residence or place of business which is capable of automatically calling and relaying recorded emergency messages to any state police or municipal police or fire department telephone number or which is capable of automatically calling and relaying recorded emergency messages or other forms of emergency signals to an intermediate third party which shall thereafter call and relay such emergency messages to a state police or municipal police or fire department telephone number. Such regulations may provide for penalties for the transmittal of false alarms by such devices or equipment;

(xv) Make and enforce regulations for the prevention and remediation of housing blight or blight upon any commercial real property, including regulations reducing assessments and authorizing designated agents of the municipality to enter property during reasonable hours for the purpose of remediating blighted conditions, provided such regulations define blight and require such municipality to give written notice of any violation to the owner of the property and provide a reasonable opportunity for the owner to remediate the blighted conditions prior to any enforcement action being taken, except that a municipality may take immediate enforcement action in the case of a violation at a property that is the third or more such blight violation at such property during the prior twelve-month period, and further provided such regulations shall not authorize such municipality or its designated agents to enter any dwelling house or structure on such property, and including regulations establishing a duty to maintain property and specifying standards to determine if there is neglect; prescribe civil penalties for the violation of such regulations (I) for housing blight upon real property containing six or fewer dwelling units, of not more than one hundred fifty dollars for each day that a violation continues if such violation occurs at an occupied property, not more than two hundred fifty dollars for each day that a violation continues if such violation occurs at a vacant property, and not more than one thousand dollars for each day that a violation continues at a property if such violation is the third or more such violation at such property during the prior twelve-month period, (II) for housing blight upon real property containing more than six but fewer than forty dwelling units, not more than ten cents per square foot of each residential building upon such real property for each day that a violation continues, (III) for housing blight upon real property containing forty or more dwelling units, not more than twelve cents per square foot of each residential building upon such real property for each day that a violation continues, and (IV) for blight upon any commercial real property, not more than ten cents per square foot of any commercial building upon such real property for each day that a violation continues. If any such civil penalties are prescribed, such municipality shall adopt a citation hearing procedure in accordance with section 7-152c. For the sole purpose of determining if a violation is the third or more such violation at such property during the prior twelve-month period, “violation” means a violation of any municipal blight regulation for which the municipality has issued a notice of violation and either, in the determination of such municipality, the conditions creating such violation were previously cured or one hundred twenty days have passed from the notice of violation and the conditions creating such violation have not been cured. A third violation may also be established where three or more conditions constituting such violation exist at a property simultaneously;

(xvi) Regulate, on any property owned by or under the control of the municipality, any activity deemed to be deleterious to public health, including the burning of a lighted cigarette, cigar, pipe or similar device, whether containing, wholly or in part, tobacco or cannabis, as defined in section 21a-420, and the use or consumption of cannabis, including, but not limited to, electronic cannabis delivery systems, as defined in section 19a-342a, or vapor products, as defined in said section, containing cannabis. If the municipality's population is greater than fifty thousand, such regulations shall designate a place in the municipality in which public consumption of cannabis is permitted. Such regulations may prohibit the smoking of cannabis and the use of electronic cannabis delivery systems and vapor products containing cannabis in the outdoor sections of a restaurant. Such regulations may prescribe penalties for the violation of such regulations, provided such fine does not exceed fifty dollars for a violation of such regulations regarding consumption by an individual or a fine in excess of one thousand dollars to any business for a violation of such regulations;

(8) The environment. (A) Provide for the protection and improvement of the environment including, but not limited to, coastal areas, wetlands and areas adjacent to waterways in a manner not inconsistent with the general statutes;

(B) Regulate the location and removal of any offensive manure or other substance or dead animals through the streets of the municipality and provide for the disposal of same;

(C) Except where there exists a local zoning commission, regulate the filling of, or removal of, soil, loam, sand or gravel from land not in public use in the whole, or in specified districts of, the municipality, and provide for the reestablishment of ground level and protection of the area by suitable cover;

(D) Regulate the emission of smoke from any chimney, smokestack or other source within the limits of the municipality, and provide for proper heating of buildings within the municipality;

(9) Human rights. (A) Provide for fair housing;

(B) Adopt a code of prohibited discriminatory practices;

(10) Miscellaneous. (A) Make all lawful regulations and ordinances in furtherance of any general powers as enumerated in this section, and prescribe penalties for the violation of the same not to exceed two hundred fifty dollars, unless otherwise specifically provided by the general statutes. Such regulations and ordinances may be enforced by citations issued by designated municipal officers or employees, provided the regulations and ordinances have been designated specifically by the municipality for enforcement by citation in the same manner in which they were adopted and the designated municipal officers or employees issue a written warning providing notice of the specific violation before issuing the citation, except that no such written warning shall be required for violations of a municipal ordinance regulating the operation or use of a dirt bike, all-terrain vehicle or mini-motorcycle;

(B) Adopt a code of ethical conduct;

(C) Establish and maintain free legal aid bureaus;

(D) Perform data processing and related administrative computer services for a fee for another municipality;

(E) Adopt the model ordinance concerning a municipal freedom of information advisory board created under subsection (f) of section 1-205 and establish a municipal freedom of information advisory board as provided by said ordinance and said section;

(F) Protect the historic or architectural character of properties or districts that are listed on, or under consideration for listing on, the National Register of Historic Places, 16a USC 470, or the state register of historic places, as defined in section 10-410.

(1949 Rev., S. 619; 1953, 1955, S. 248d; 1957, P.A. 13, S. 7; 201; 354, S. 1; 1959, P.A. 359, S. 1; 1961, P.A. 187; 570; 1963, P.A. 434; 626; February, 1965, P.A. 582; 1967, P.A. 126; 805, S. 3; 830; 1969, P.A. 694, S. 20; 1971, P.A. 389, S. 1; 802, S. 1; P.A. 73-614, S. 2, 3; P.A. 75-178, S. 1, 2; P.A. 76-32; P.A. 78-331, S. 4, 58; P.A. 79-531, S. 1; 79-618, S. 1; P.A. 80-403, S. 7, 10; P.A. 81-219, S. 1, 3; P.A. 82-327, S. 5; P.A. 83-168, S. 3; 83-188, S. 1; 83-587, S. 78, 96; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 83-3, S. 1; P.A. 84-232, S. 1–3; P.A. 86-97, S. 2, 3; 86-229, S. 1, 2; P.A. 87-278, S. 1, 5; P.A. 88-213, S. 1, 2; 88-221, S. 1; P.A. 90-334, S. 1; P.A. 93-434, S. 18, 20; P.A. 95-7; 95-320; P.A. 97-199, S. 5; 97-320, S. 4, 11; June 18 Sp. Sess. P.A. 97-11, S. 62, 65; P.A. 98-188, S. 2; P.A. 99-129; 99-188, S. 3, 6; P.A. 00-136, S. 7, 10; P.A. 01-128, S. 1; P.A. 03-19, S. 19; P.A. 06-185, S. 7; P.A. 07-141, S. 4; P.A. 08-184, S. 34; P.A. 10-152, S. 7; P.A. 11-80, S. 122; P.A. 12-146, S. 2; P.A. 13-103, S. 1; 13-181, S. 1; P.A. 15-42, S. 9; 15-100, S. 1; P.A. 16-208, S. 3; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 21-1, S. 84; P.A. 23-33, S. 2; 23-207, S. 3; P.A. 24-143, S. 5.)

History: 1959 act authorized establishment and maintenance of parks, etc., “by a board, commission or otherwise”; 1961 acts deleted semicolon between the words “mobile home parks” and “and regulate the removal of soil, loam,” etc. and added provision regulations enacted by local zoning commission would have same effect as ordinance; 1963 acts added provision for improvement of waterfronts “by a board, commission or otherwise” and added power to enact ordinances re sewer and drainage systems and sewage disposal plants and entry on land to correct surface water flow; 1965 act authorized zoning commission to regulate the filling of land not in public use; 1967 acts added power to furnish ambulance service, deleted power to set poll hours for elections and added power to regulate loitering; 1969 act deleted power to set poll hours for electors' meetings and referenda; 1971 acts added power to fix hours of operation of amusement parks and arcades and to establish commission or board to protect and improve environment and deleted power to regulate building construction; P.A. 73-614 added power to regulate off-street parking available to public on private property; P.A. 75-178 added power to acquire and sell personal and real property for benefit of the municipality; P.A. 76-32 replaced power to regulate loitering on public property with broader power to regulate use of streets, sidewalks, etc.; P.A. 78-331 divided section into subsecs. and subdivs. and restored power to acquire and sell real and personal property which was inadvertently dropped in 1976 act; P.A. 79-531 added power to provide fair housing and to perform data processing services for other towns in Subsec. (a); P.A. 79-618 added power to adopt ethics code in Subsec. (a); P.A. 80-403 added power to adopt code of discriminatory practices in Subsec. (a); P.A. 81-219 reorganized the section and included powers previously reserved for charter towns under Sec. 7-194, effective October 1, 1982; P.A. 82-327 completed the revision of power begun by P.A. 81-219; P.A. 83-168 added power to regulate automatic calling devices, designated as Subsec. (c)(7)(H)(xiv); P.A. 83-188 made technical changes in Subdiv. (c)(5)(C); P.A. 83-587 substituted “7-282b” for “7-282a” in Subsec. (c)(7)(H)(xiv); June Sp. Sess. 83-3 changed term “mobile home” to “mobile manufactured home” in Subsec. (c)(7)(A)(iv); P.A. 84-232 amended Subsec. (c)(3) to include encouragement of private commercial development and amended Subsec. (c)(6)(C) to authorize grants of limited property or leasehold interests in streets and sidewalks to abutting property owners; P.A. 86-97 amended Subsec. (c)(5) to include authorization to establish pension systems for members of volunteer fire departments; P.A. 86-229 amended Subsec. (c)(2)(K) to include references to trust funds and to funds which do not lapse at the end of the municipal fiscal year and added Subsec. (c)(4)(I) re housing for those with low or moderate incomes; P.A. 87-278 added Subsec. (c)(5)(D) re appointment of municipal historians; P.A. 88-213 added provision in Subsec. (c)(7)(B) to allow municipalities to regulate and prohibit on-street residential neighborhood parking; P.A. 88-221 amended Subsec. (c)(10)(A) to provide that regulations and ordinances may be enforced by citations by designated municipal officers, provided the regulations and ordinances are so designated and the written warning is issued before issuance of citation; P.A. 90-334 added provision in Subsec. (c)(7)(H) to allow municipalities to make and enforce regulations preventing housing blight; P.A. 93-434 added provision in Subsec. (c)(2)(L) to allow municipalities to assign tax liens on real property, effective June 30, 1993; P.A. 95-7 amended Subsec. (c) (5) (A) to authorize municipalities to establish pensions for active members of volunteer ambulance associations; P.A. 95-320 amended Subsec. (c)(2)(B) to allow municipalities to withhold approval of building application when taxes are delinquent on the property; P.A. 97-199 amended Subsec. (b)(1) by adding “including community service for not more than twenty hours”; P.A. 97-320 amended Subsec. (c)(7)(H)(xv) to authorize blight ordinance to include provision re reduction of assessments, effective July 1, 1997; June 18 Sp. Sess. P.A. 97-11 changed effective date of P.A. 97-199 from October 1, 1997, to July 1, 1997, effective July 1, 1997; P.A. 98-188 added provision in Subsec. (c)(2)(B) re delinquent water or sewer rates, charges or assessments; P.A. 99-129 added provision in Subsec. (c)(7)(H) to allow municipalities to impose fines for violation of blight regulations; P.A. 99-188 amended Subsec. (c)(4)(C) to allow towns to purchase, own and operate sports franchises, effective June 23, 1999; P.A. 00-136 amended Subsec. (c)(10) to add new Subpara. (E) re municipal freedom of information advisory boards, effective July 1, 2000; P.A. 01-128 amended Subsec. (c)(7)(H)(xv) to authorize regulations to establish a duty to maintain property and to specify standards to determine neglect; P.A. 03-19 made a technical change in Subsec. (c)(7)(H)(xv), effective May 12, 2003; P.A. 06-185 amended Subsec. (c)(10)(A) to increase maximum penalty for violation of regulations and ordinances from $100 to $250; P.A. 07-141 amended Subsec. (c)(3)(A) to delete “or the encouragement of private commercial development” re power to take or acquire property, effective June 25, 2007, and applicable to property acquired on or after that date; P.A. 08-184 amended Subsec. (c)(7)(H) to add clause (xvi) re regulation on municipally owned property of any activity deemed to be deleterious to public health; P.A. 10-152 amended Subsec. (c)(7)(H)(xv) to authorize regulations for the remediation of housing blight, to provide that regulations may authorize designated agents of municipalities to enter property for purpose of remediating blighted conditions and to prohibit regulations from authorizing entry into dwelling house or structure on such property; P.A. 11-80 amended Subsec. (c)(6)(B) to add clause (v) re energy-savings performance contracts, effective July 1, 2011; P.A. 12-146 amended Subsec. (c)(7)(H)(xv) by providing that regulations require municipality to give written notice of housing blight violation and reasonable opportunity to remediate blighted conditions and by changing “fines” to “civil penalties”; P.A. 13-103 amended Subsec. (c)(7)(D) by adding provision prohibiting adoption of breed-specific dog ordinances; P.A. 13-181 amended Subsec. (c)(10) by adding Subpara. (F) re protection of historic or architectural character of properties or districts; P.A. 15-42 amended Subsec. (c)(7)(B) to add clause (iii) re signs for towing or use of wheel-locking devices; P.A. 15-100 amended Subsec. (c)(10)(A) by exempting dirt bike and all-terrain vehicle ordinance violations from written warning requirement; P.A. 16-208 amended Subsec. (c)(10)(A) by adding reference to mini-motorcycle in provision re exception to written warning requirement; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 21-1 amended Subsec. (c)(H)(xvi) by adding “or under the control of”, replacing “lighting or carrying” with “burning” and adding provisions re cannabis, electronic cannabis delivery systems and vapor products containing cannabis and authorization for fine of up to $50 for individual or $1,000 for business violations of regulations; P.A. 23-33 amended Subsec. (c)(7)(H) to allow municipalities to adopt blight ordinances re commercial real property, to take immediate enforcement action for certain blight violations and increase maximum fines for certain blight violations; P.A. 23-207 amended Subsec. (c)(7)(A) to allow municipalities to establish civil penalties for violations of ordinances concerning safe and sanitary housing; P.A. 24-143 amended Subsec. (c)(7)(H)(xv) by adding provisions re fines for blight violations based on square footage of certain structures as subclauses (I) to (IV) and making conforming and technical changes.

See Sec. 7-148ff re ordinances imposing special assessment on blighted housing.

See Sec. 14-390 re ordinance on operation and use of snowmobiles and all-terrain vehicles.

See Sec. 14-390m re ordinance on operation and use of dirt bikes and mini-motorcycles and applicable definitions.

See Sec. 29-265b re ordinance requiring rain sensor devices on automatic lawn sprinkler systems.

For constitutionality, see 95 C. 365. Cited. 102 C. 228. Vote to change compensation of town officers under section discussed. 103 C. 424, see also 104 C. 255. Grant of power to enact ordinances ordinarily implies power to repeal them. 118 C. 11. Cited. 119 C. 603. State delegated power to make traffic rules applying to all vehicles alike, but retained special power to regulate motor vehicles with specific exceptions noted in Sec. 14-162. 125 C. 501; 135 C. 71. Cited. 129 C. 109; 133 C. 29; 135 C. 421. “Regulate” does not so much imply creating a new thing as arranging and controlling that which already exists. 143 C. 152. Confers necessary power to adopt legislation regulating auctions. Id., 698. Ordinance imposing time limitations on the occupancy of land by trailers and mobile homes held constitutional. 146 C. 697. Constitutionality of ordinance licensing and regulating trailer and mobile home parks discussed; towns without zoning authorities should have power to deal with trailers and mobile homes not only in matters narrowly concerned with public health and safety but in matters concerned with economic and esthetic considerations which can affect public welfare; if ordinance which is police measure imposes a fee, such fee must be reasonably proportionate to cost of administering and enforcing the ordinance. Id., 720. Power to adopt rent control not within general delegation of police power. 147 C. 60. If charter empowers legislative body of municipality to adopt and amend its own rules of order in exercising certain legislative functions, such body need not act by ordinance or resolution. 148 C. 33. Cited. Id., 233. Attempt by common council to establish law department by ordinance ineffective where charter provisions were inconsistent with the exercise of such power. 152 C. 287; Id., 318; 158 C. 100. Cited. 166 C. 376; 181 C. 114; 183 C. 495; 203 C. 267; 227 C. 363; 234 C. 513, 538.

Cited. 1 CA 505; 13 CA 1; 17 CA 17; judgment reversed, see 212 C. 570.

Town limited in authority where city or borough has duplicate power. 14 CS 258. Test for powers by implication is necessity not convenience. 15 CS 344. Cited. 20 CS 464. Omission of any direct mention of a mobile home park as a permitted use of land anywhere in a town does not render zoning law void or unconstitutional. 21 CS 275. Town may regulate garbage disposal business; it cannot prohibit it; ordinance prohibiting transportation into a town of garbage from any other town held void. Id., 347. Zoning regulation requiring permit for commercial removal of sand and gravel not taking of property without due process; proper exercise of police power. 25 CS 125. Does not permit adoption of original “special event” ordinance. 29 CS 48. Cited. 36 CS 74.

Cited as authority for municipality to establish monetary fine for violation of housing code. 4 Conn. Cir. Ct. 244.

Subsec. (c):

Cited. 192 C. 399; 195 C. 524; 201 C. 700; 203 C. 14; 208 C. 543; 212 C. 147; 217 C. 447; 237 C. 135. Subdiv. (7)(H)(xi): Ordinance banning all cigarette vending machines was valid exercise of town's police power, and legislative enactment of Sec. 12-289a was intended to ensure that municipalities remained free to decide if local conditions warranted additional regulation of cigarette vending machines, up to and including an outright ban. 256 C. 105. In Subdiv. (1)(A), general power to sue and be sued does not mean that municipality may bring suit that it otherwise would have no standing to bring; in Subdiv. (7)(H)(xi), general power to protect health and welfare of municipal inhabitants does not mean that municipality may bring suit with that aim that it otherwise would have no standing to bring. 258 C. 313. “Public improvement”, as used in Subdiv. (6)(A)(iii), is not limited to projects that either already exist or have been approved and funded by municipality; accordingly, Subdiv. (6)(A)(iii) includes within its ambit studies intended to determine feasibility of a particular project. 274 C. 483. The grant of police powers to municipalities under section is sufficiently broad to encompass the power to require licensing and inspections of residential rental real estate. 288 C. 181. Although statutes confer on municipalities the power to control streets and to regulate traffic in order to prevent unsafe traffic conditions, under present facts, town's closure of road to prevent access from subdivision in adjoining town was inconsistent with statutes governing review of subdivision applications. 295 C. 802.

Cited. 4 CA 261; 10 CA 209; 29 CA 207. Provision enabling municipality to adopt an ordinance providing for the furnishing of water did not authorize planning commission to adopt subdivision regulations that address issues re water supply and water main extensions in a proposed subdivision. 114 CA 509.

Cited. 37 CS 124; 44 CS 389.

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Conn. Gen. Stat. § 7-149

Sec. 7-149d. Establishment of traffic authority. Notwithstanding the provisions of any municipal charter, special act or home rule ordinance, any municipality may, by vote of its legislative body, establish a traffic authority and appoint one or more persons as members to serve on such traffic authority. The qualifications, terms of office and compensation, if any, of any such members shall be prescribed by such legislative body. A traffic authority established pursuant to this section shall replace any existing traffic authority in such municipality and have the same powers and duties as a traffic authority described in subparagraphs (A) to (C), inclusive, of subdivision (7) of section 14-297.

(P.A. 24-40, S. 7.)

History: P.A. 24-40 effective July 1, 2024.

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Secs. 7-150 and 7-151. Regulation of plumbing and drainage. Regulation of operation of motor boats. Sections 7-150 and 7-151 are repealed.

(1949 Rev., S. 634, 707; 1957, P.A. 13, S. 12, 24; 1961, P.A. 520, S. 20; P.A. 82-327, S. 12.)

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Conn. Gen. Stat. § 7-255.

Sec. 7-255. Charges. Hearing. Appeal. Payment by municipalities of charges upon specified classification of property or users. Optional payment plans. (a) The water pollution control authority may establish and revise fair and reasonable charges for connection with and for the use of a sewerage system. The owner of property against which any such connection or use charge is levied shall be liable for the payment thereof. Municipally-owned and other tax-exempt property which uses the sewerage system shall be subject to such charges under the same conditions as are the owners of other property, but nothing herein shall be deemed to authorize the levying of any property tax by any municipality against any property exempt by the general statutes from property taxation. No charge for connection with or for the use of a sewerage system shall be established or revised until after a public hearing before the water pollution control authority at which the owner of property against which the charges are to be levied shall have an opportunity to be heard concerning the proposed charges. Such hearing may be conducted in person or by means of electronic equipment. Notice of the time, place and purpose of such hearing shall be published at least ten days before the date thereof in a newspaper having a general circulation in the municipality and on the Internet web site of the municipality. A copy of the proposed charges shall be on file in the office of the clerk of the municipality and available for inspection by the public for at least ten days before the date of such hearing. When the water pollution control authority has established or revised such charges, it shall file a copy thereof in the office of the clerk of the municipality and, not later than five days after such filing, shall cause the same to be published in a newspaper having a general circulation in the municipality and on the Internet web site of the municipality. Such publication shall state the date on which such charges were filed and the time and manner of paying such charges and shall state that any appeals from such charges must be taken within twenty-one days after such filing. In establishing or revising such charges the water pollution control authority may classify the property connected or to be connected with the sewer system and the users of such system, including categories of industrial users, and: (1) May give consideration to any factors relating to the kind, quality or extent of use of any such property or classification of property or users including, but not limited to, (A) the volume of water discharged to the sewerage system, (B) the type or size of building connected with the sewerage system, (C) the number of plumbing fixtures connected with the sewerage system, (D) the number of persons customarily using the property served by the sewerage system, (E) in the case of commercial or industrial property, the average number of employees and guests using the property, and (F) the quality and character of the material discharged into the sewerage system. The water pollution control authority may establish minimum charges for connection with and for the use of a sewerage system; and (2) for assessment years beginning on or after October 1, 2022, shall not consider the volume of water consumed by the holders of manufacturer permits for beer issued under subsection (b) of section 30-16 in establishing or revising charges to such holders for use of a sewerage system. Any person aggrieved by any charge for connection with or for the use of a sewerage system may appeal to the superior court for the judicial district wherein the municipality is located and shall bring any such appeal to a return day of said court not less than twelve or more than thirty days after service thereof. The judgment of the court shall be final.

(b) Any municipality may, by ordinance, provide for the payment to the water pollution control authority by such municipality of the whole or a portion of such charges for specified classifications of property or users, provided such classifications are established by the water pollution control authority in accordance with the provisions of subsection (a) of this section and meet the requirements of the federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972, P.L. 92-500, as amended from time to time.

(c) Any municipality may, by ordinance, provide for optional methods of payment of sewer use charges to the water pollution control authority by (1) elderly taxpayers who are eligible for tax relief under the provisions of section 12-129b, section 12-170aa or a plan of tax relief for elderly taxpayers provided by such municipality in accordance with section 12-129n, or (2) any taxpayer under the age of sixty-five who is eligible for tax relief under the provisions of a plan for tax relief provided by such municipality in accordance with subdivision (2) of section 12-129n.

(1949 Rev., S. 744; 1949, S. 322d; 1971, P.A. 179, S. 2; P.A. 75-600, S. 2; P.A. 76-436, S. 286, 681; P.A. 78-154, S. 12; 78-280, S. 1, 127; P.A. 82-472, S. 16, 183; P.A. 83-513, S. 5; P.A. 91-98, S. 2, 3; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 21-2, S. 164; P.A. 22-23, S. 1; 22-56, S. 9.)

History: 1971 act changed return day to a day not less than 12 or more than 30 days after service–previously it was the “next” or “next but one” return day; P.A. 75-600 permitted classifications of users of system as well as classifications of property, changed alphabetic subdivision indicators to numeric ones and added Subsec. (b) re payments by municipality for charges to specified classifications of property or users; P.A. 76-436 substituted superior court for court of common pleas, effective July 1, 1978; P.A. 78-154 substituted water pollution control authority for sewer authority; P.A. 78-280 deleted reference to “county”; P.A. 82-472 deleted obsolete reference to county as venue for superior court; P.A. 83-513 provided that notice should be in a newspaper having a “general” circulation in the municipality; P.A. 91-98 added Subsec. (c) re optional payment plans, effective July 1, 1991, and applicable to assessment years commencing on and after October 1, 1991; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 21-2 amended Subsec. (a) by adding provisions specifying a hearing may be conducted in person or by means of electronic equipment and requiring publication of notice of hearing and established or new charges on municipal Internet web site, and Subsec. (b) by making a technical change; P.A. 22-23 made technical changes in Subsecs. (a) and (c); P.A. 22-56 amended Subsec. (a) by designating existing provisions re factors to consider in establishing or revising charges as new Subdiv. (1), redesignating existing Subdivs. (1) to (6) as Subdivs. (1)(A) to (F), adding new Subdiv. (2) re holders of manufacturer permits for beer issued under Sec. 30-16(b), and making conforming changes, effective October 1, 2022, and applicable to assessment years commencing on or after October 1, 2022.

Assessment of charges for sewer connection not limited exclusively to statute; special act provisions effective. 160 C. 446. Cited. 171 C. 74; 213 C. 112; 216 C. 436; 220 C. 18; 231 C. 344.

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Conn. Gen. Stat. § 8-125.

Sec. 8-125. Definitions. As used in this chapter:

(1) “Redevelopment” means improvement by the rehabilitation or demolition of structures, by the construction of new structures, improvements or facilities, by the location or relocation of streets, parks and utilities, by replanning or by two or more of these methods;

(2) “Redevelopment area” means an area within the state that is deteriorated, deteriorating, substandard or detrimental to the safety, health, morals or welfare of the community. An area may consist partly or wholly of vacant or unimproved land or of land with structures and improvements thereon, and may include structures not in themselves substandard or insanitary which are found to be essential to complete an adequate unit of development, if the redevelopment area is deteriorated, deteriorating, substandard or detrimental to the safety, health, morals or welfare of the community. An area may include properties not contiguous to each other. An area may include all or part of the territorial limits of any fire district, sewer district, fire and sewer district, lighting district, village, beach or improvement association or any other district or association, wholly within a town and having the power to make appropriations or to levy taxes, whether or not such entity is chartered by the General Assembly;

(3) A “redevelopment plan” means a plan that includes: (A) (i) A description of the redevelopment area and the condition, type and use of the structures therein, and (ii) specification of each parcel proposed to be acquired, including parcels to be acquired by eminent domain; (B) the location and extent of the land uses proposed for and within the redevelopment area, such as housing, recreation, business, industry, schools, civic activities, open spaces or other categories of public and private uses; (C) the location and extent of streets and other public utilities, facilities and works within the redevelopment area; (D) schedules showing the number of families displaced by the proposed improvement, the method of temporary relocation of such families and the availability of sufficient suitable living accommodations at prices and rentals within the financial reach of such families and located within a reasonable distance of the area from which such families are displaced; (E) present and proposed zoning regulations in the redevelopment area; (F) a description of how the redevelopment area is deteriorated, deteriorating, substandard or detrimental to the safety, health, morals or welfare of the community; and (G) any other detail including financial aspects of redevelopment which, in the judgment of the redevelopment agency authorized herein, is necessary to give it adequate information;

(4) “Planning agency” means the existing city or town plan commission or, if such agency does not exist or is not created, the legislative body or agency designated by it;

(5) “Redeveloper” means any individual, group of individuals or corporation or any municipality or other public agency including any housing authority established pursuant to chapter 128;

(6) “Real property” means land, subterranean or subsurface rights, structures, any and all easements, air rights and franchises and every estate, right or interest therein; and

(7) “Deteriorated” or “deteriorating” with respect to a redevelopment area means an area within which at least twenty per cent of the buildings contain one or more building deficiencies or environmental deficiencies, including, but not limited to: (A) Defects that warrant clearance; (B) conditions from a defect that are not correctable by normal maintenance; (C) extensive minor defects that collectively have a negative effect on the surrounding area; (D) inadequate original construction or subsequent alterations; (E) inadequate or unsafe plumbing, heating or electrical facilities; (F) overcrowding or improper location of structures on land; (G) excessive density of dwelling units; (H) conversion of incompatible types of uses, such as conversion of a structure located near family dwelling units to rooming houses; (I) obsolete building types, such as large residences or other buildings which because of lack of use or maintenance have a blighting influence; (J) detrimental land uses or conditions, such as incompatible uses, structures in mixed use, or adverse influences from noise, smoke or fumes; (K) unsafe, congested, poorly designed, or otherwise deficient streets; (L) inadequate public utilities or community facilities that contribute to unsatisfactory living conditions or economic decline; or (M) other equally significant building deficiencies or environmental deficiencies.

(1949 Rev., S. 979; 1953, 1955, S. 484d; 1957, P.A. 13, S. 51; 1959, P.A. 397, S. 2; 1967, P.A. 880; 1972, P.A. 99, S. 1; P.A. 07-141, S. 5; 07-207, S. 1.)

History: 1959 act added “deteriorating” in Subdiv. (b); 1967 act amended Subsec. (b) to allow inclusion of all or parts of listed types of districts and associations and others in areas whether or not such districts and associations are chartered by general assembly; 1972 act added Subsec. (f) defining “real property”; P.A. 07-141 redesignated Subsecs. (a) to (f) as Subdivs. (1) to (6) and redefined “redevelopment area” and “redevelopment plan”, effective October 1, 2007, and applicable to redevelopment plans adopted on or after that date; P.A. 07-207 added Subdiv. (7) defining “deteriorated” or “deteriorating” with respect to a redevelopment area, effective October 1, 2007, and applicable to redevelopment plans adopted on or after that date.

Subdiv. (2) (former Subsec. (b)):

Inclusion within area of certain properties which are not substandard does not constitute unreasonable or arbitrary action because it is condition obtaining as to entire area and not as to individual properties which is determinative; addition of word “deteriorating” indicates legislative intent that Subsec. is to be liberally construed. 147 C. 321. Cited. 148 C. 517. In determination whether property which is not substandard is essential to plan of redevelopment, condition obtaining as to entire area and not as to individual properties is determinative; condition of plaintiff's buildings and use to which they are devoted have significance on question whether they could be successfully integrated into overall plan for area in order to achieve its objective; if they could not be, then acquisition of the property was essential to complete an adequate unit of development, even though the property was not, in itself, substandard. 150 C. 42. Property that is not substandard and is the subject of a taking within a redevelopment area must be essential to the redevelopment plan in order for the agency to justify its taking. 259 C. 592.

Legislature has delegated to redevelopment agencies power to determine what properties are necessary to take in order to accomplish public policy behind redevelopment. 85 CA 38.

Subdiv. (6) (former Subsec. (f)):

Real property for purpose of taking includes every structure affixed to the soil so as to become part of real estate. 173 C. 525.

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The law belongs to the people. Georgia v. Public.Resource.Org, 590 U.S. (2020)